Match of the Day Football Focus Final Score The Football League Show
External links
Official website
Match of the Day 2 (otherwise known as MOTD2) is a football highlights programme shown on BBC Two in the United Kingdom. It was created in 2004 when the BBC regained the right to broadcast Premier League highlights. The programme is hosted by Adrian Chiles and usually features analysis from two pundits. It is broadcast on Sunday evenings, usually later than 10 p.m.
Advertised as a “light-hearted look at the Premier League’s action”, Match of the Day 2 offers highlights of Premier League matches played on Sunday, the day after the original Match of the Day is broadcast. The ‘light-hearted look’ refers to its more fan focused presentational style than the Saturday night version.
Contents
1Format
2Controversy
3Selected pundits
4References
5External links
Format
The programme follows a similar format to the original Match of the Day, albeit with fewer highlights because there are usually only two matches most Sundays (sometimes there are more or just one), allowing more time to be allocated for pundits and/or the host to talk about tactics or current affairs of football. There is also a segment showing the goals scored in Saturday’s games, accompanied by tabloid headlines and music (the current song is “Science of Fear” by the Temper Trap.)
Peacock, Dixon and Chiles (from left to right) in the old MOTD2 studio, 2006
The show originally featured a “Top 5″ countdown based around a current event or a guest pundit on the show, such as “Worst Haircuts”, “Shocking refereeing decisions” or “Golden Oldies”. However this has now been replaced by “2 Good, 2 Bad” which offers a humorous look at the goings on of the football weekend in England, such as embarrassing gaffes, unusual celebrations, intimacy between players and managers or supporters being caught out.
Controversy
In March 2009, Alan Pardew was condemned for his own gaffe on the show when he implyed that Chelsea midfielder Michael Essien had “absolutely rape(d)” Manchester City player Ched Evans during a midfield tussle for the ball. The BBC have insisted there will be no on-air apology, despite 35 viewer complaints, insisting it had been misheard as “rakes”, and expressing no certainty that Pardew would ever appear on the show again.
Selected pundits
Lee Dixon
Alan Shearer
Alan Hansen
Mark Bright
Les Ferdinand
Graham Poll
Martin Keown
Tony Adams
Occasionally footballers who are still playing with a Premier League team are invited onto the show to express their views. They usually have played on the Saturday, therefore allowing them to appear on the Sunday night. These have included Graeme Murty, Danny Murphy, Clarke Carlisle and Linvoy Primus. Notable managers such as Gordon Strachan, Chris Coleman, Alex McLeish, David Moyes, Alan Curbishley, Neil Warnock and Phil Brown have also appeared as pundits on the show.
References
^“Alan Pardew Accuses Michael Essien of Rape”. Ryan Bailey. 16-03-09. http://www.thespoiler.co.uk/index.php/2009/03/16/video-alan-pardew-accuses-michael-essien-of-rape. Retrieved 2009-03-16.
^“BBC pundit sorry for rape comment”. BBC News Online. 16 March 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7946964.stm. Retrieved 2 January 2010.
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Match_of_the_Day_2″
Categories: British sports television programmes | BBC television programmes | BBC Sport | 2004 television series debuts | 2000s British television series | 2010s British television series
Perry Green (b. c. 1936) is an American poker player who has won three World Series of Poker bracelets and who has made it to the final table of the World Series of Poker Main Event twice.
Green, a fur trader from Anchorage, Alaska, began playing at the World Series of Poker (WSOP) in the 1970s and won his first bracelet in 1976 in the $1000 Ace to Five Draw event. In the following year he won his second bracelet in the $5000 Ace to Five event and then in 1979 he won his third WSOP bracelet in the $1,500 No Limit Texas Hold’em event in which he defeated Jim Bechtel during heads-up play.
In addition to his three bracelets, Green’s largest payday to date in a poker tournament was at the 1981 World Series of Poker Main Event where he finished in second place earning $150,000 after he had been beaten by the then reigning champion Stu Ungar in heads-up play. Ten years later at the 1991 WSOP Main Event he made a second final table finishing in fifth place.
Green has been active in a so far unsuccessful effort to legalize casino poker in Alaska.
As of 2009, his total live tournament winnings exceed $900,000. His 20 cashes as the WSOP account for $530,810 of those winnings.
WSOP Bracelets
Year
Tournament
Prize (US$)
1976
$1,000 Ace to Five Draw
$68,300
1977
$5,000 Ace to Five draw
$10,000
1979
$1,500 No Limit Texas Hold’em
$76,500
Notes
^ ab Alaska Ponders Legalizing Poker
^ abc Legends of Poker: Perry Green
^ Hendon Mob tournament results
^ World Series of Poker Earnings, worldseriesofpoker.com
External links
pokerworks.com WSOP 1981 Final Hand
This Alaska biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v•d•e
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_Green”
Categories: American poker players | World Series of Poker bracelet winners | Living people | 1930s births | People from Anchorage, Alaska | Alaska people stubs
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Joseph Richard “Joe” Skeen (June 30, 1927 – December 7, 2003) was a conservative Republican congressman from southern New Mexico. He served for eleven terms in the United States House of Representatives between 1980 and 2003.
Skeen was born in Roswell, New Mexico. During his teenage years, his family moved to Seattle. During the final year of World War II, Skeen entered the United States Navy. After returning home, he graduated from Texas A&M University in College Station, Texas.
After several years of owning a ranch, Skeen was elected to the New Mexico State Senate as a Republican in 1960. He ran for lieutenant governor in 1970 on an unsuccessful ticket headed by future Senator Pete Domenici. Incumbent Republican Governor David F. Cargo was ineligible to run for the first four year gubernatorial term in the history of the state. Cargo therefore ran unsuccessfully in the primary for the Senate seat retained by Democrat Joseph Montoya.
Thereafter, Skeen lost two very close races for governor — in 1974 against Democrat Jerry Apodaca and in 1978 against Democrat Bruce King. In the former race, Apodaca led 164,172 (49.9 percent) to Skeen’s 160,430 (48.8 percent). In 1978, King secured a second nonconsecutive term, 174,631 (50.5 percent) to Skeen’s 170,848 (49.4 percent).
Contents
11980 Congressional election
2See also
3References
4External links
1980 Congressional election
Throughout the 1970s, five-term Democratic Congressman Harold Runnels had been so popular that the GOP didn’t even put up a candidate against him in 1978 or 1980. Then, on August 5, 1980, Runnels died of cancer at the age of fifty-six. The state attorney general, a Democrat, announced that the Democrats could replace Runnels on the ballot but that it was too late for the Republicans to do so. Republicans were outraged and rallied behind a write-in effort by Skeen, while the Democrats selected Governor Bruce King’s nephew, David King, over Runnels’ widow, Dorothy Runnels. To complicate matters for the Democrats, Dorothy Runnels was so angry at how the Democrats treated her in the primary that she elected to run her own write-in campaign. Furthermore, David King had only moved his voter registration into the district some ten days after Runnels died.
Skeen was elected with 61,564 votes (38 percent) to King’s 55,085 (34 percent), and Mrs. Runnels’ 45,343 (28 percent). He was helped by the split among the Democrats, as well as Ronald W. Reagan carrying the district. Skeen was only the third person in U.S. history to be elected to Congress as a write-in candidate.
As a congressman, Skeen had a largely conservative voting record but also brought numerous projects to his district. In contrast to most congressmen, Skeen faced several competitive races for reelection. After skating to reelection from 1982 to 1990—including two completely unopposed bids in 1988 and 1990—he faced aggressive Democratic challenges for most of the 1990s.
He announced in 1997 that he had Parkinson’s disease. Skeen announced his retirement from Congress in 2002 and left at the end of his 11th term in 2003. At the time of his death in 2003, he was highly regarded by New Mexicans in both parties for his service to his state.
In the 2002 Republican primary to choose a nominee to succeed Skeen, the party turned to Steve Pearce, who defeated Edward R. Tinsley, an attorney and businessman who owns the K-Bob’s Steakhouse restaurant chain. Tinsley tried again in 2008, when Pearce vacated the seat for an unsuccessful U.S. Senate candidacy, but he was defeated in the general election by the Democratic nominee, Harry Teague of Hobbs.
See also
United States Navy portal
References
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
External links
Joe Skeen at theBiographical Directory of the United States Congress Retrieved on 2008-03-31
Joe Skeen at Find a Grave Retrieved on 2008-03-31
United States House of Representatives
Preceded by Harold L. Runnels
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from New Mexico’s 2nd congressional district
January 3, 1981 – January 3, 2003
Succeeded by Steve Pearce
v•d•e
Members of the United States House of Representatives from New Mexico
Fergusson · Hernández · Walton · Hernández · N. Montoya · Morrow · Simms · Chavez · Dempsey · Anderson · Lusk · Miles · Dempsey · Morris
Seat
Curry · Fernández · J. Montoya · Walker
Districts (1969–present)
1st district
Lujan · Schiff · Wilson · Heinrich
2nd district
Foreman · Runnels ·Skeen · Pearce · Teague
3rd district
Richardson · Redmond · Udall · Luján
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Skeen”
Categories: 1927 births | 2003 deaths | Members of the United States House of Representatives from New Mexico | New Mexico State Senators | United States Navy sailors | Deaths from Parkinson’s disease | American ranchers | Texas A&M University alumni | Delegates to the Republican National Convention | People from Roswell, New Mexico | New Mexico RepublicansHidden categories: Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
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This page was last modified on 19 November 2009 at 19:19.
Politics of the United Kingdom
Political parties
Elections
See also Plaid Cymru: The Party of Wales
Plaid Cymru; The Party of Wales (IPA:/pla?d ?k?mri/; often referred in common speech simply as Plaid) originated after a 1925 National Eisteddfod meeting, held in Pwllheli, Gwynedd.
Representatives from the Army of the Welsh Home Rulers (Byddin Ymreolwr Cymru) and The Welsh Movement (Y Mudiad Cymreig), both founded only the previous year, agreed to meet and discuss the need of a “Welsh party”.
Founded originally under the name Plaid Genedlaethol Cymru, the National Party of Wales, the party would attract members from the political left, the political right, and the political centre, both monarchists and republicans, whose principal aims include the promotion of the Welsh language and for the political independence of the Welsh nation.
According to historian Professor John Davies, it was Dr. D.J. Davies’ ideas which were more influential in shaping long-term Plaid Cymru ideology and adopted by Plaid president Dr. Gwynfor Evans following the Second World War. D. J. Davies was an “equally significant figure” as Saunders Lewis in Welsh nationalism history, argues Professor John Davies. However, Davies wrote that it was Lewis’ “brilliance and charismatic appeal” which was firmly associated with the party of the 1930s.
Initially successful as an educational pressure group, events surrounding Tân yn Ll?n (Fire in Ll?n) in the 1930s, adopting a pacifist political doctrine, and protests against the Flooding of Capel Celyn in the 1950s helped define Plaid Genedlaethol Cymru.
These early events were followed by Evan’s election to the United Kingdom Parliament in 1966, campaigning for The Welsh Language Act of 1967 and Evan’s Hunger Strike for a dedicated Welsh language television channel in 1981.
Today, Plaid Cymru is the second largest political party in Wales, with 15 of 60 seats in the National Assembly for Wales, where it is the junior partner in the coalition government with the Welsh Labour Party, 1 of 4 Welsh seats in the European Parliament, 3 of 40 Welsh seats in the UK Parliament, and 205 of 1,264 principal local authority councillors. According to accounts filed with the Electoral Commission for the year of 2004, the party has an income and expenditure of about £500,000.
Contents
1Foundation 1925
2The Lewis Doctrine 1926–1939
2.1Tân yn Ll?n 1936
2.2Criticism
2.3Bards under the bed 1939-1945
3The Evans Legacy 1945-1981
3.1A Welsh constitutional monarchy
3.2The flooding of Capel Celyn
3.3Tynged yr Iaith and the 1961 census
3.4Evans’ election 1966
3.5Welsh Language Act 1967
3.6‘79 Yes Campaign; Hunger Strike for S4C
4The Wigley & Elis presidencies 1981 – 2000
4.1The Yes for Wales campaign
4.2First Welsh Assembly, 1999 – 2003
5Jones’ presidency; 2000 – 2003
5.1Language and Housing Controversy
5.22001 Census and tickbox controversy
5.3The Mittal Affair
6Iwan’s presidency; 2003 – Current
6.1Second Welsh Assembly, 2003 – 2007
6.2Impeachment of Blair Campaign, 2004 – 2007
6.380th Anniversary and Evans celebrated 2005
6.4Cymru X
6.5Crossroads, leadership, and rebranding
6.6The Government of Wales Act 2006
6.7Third Welsh Assembly, 2007-2011
6.7.1The “One Wales” Agreement
6.7.2Broadcast news controversy
6.7.3Party Conference 2007 and Peerage Call
7Plaid Cymru party leaders
7.1Plaid Cymru Leader
7.2Plaid Cymru party presidents since 1925
7.3Honorary party presidents
7.4Welsh Assembly Group Leaders since 1999
7.5UK Members of Parliament Group Leaders
8See also
8.1Sources
9References
Foundation 1925
Discussions for the need of a “Welsh party” had been circulating since the 19th century. With the generation or so before 1922 there “had been a marked growth in the constitutional recognition of the Welsh nation”, wrote historian Dr. John Davies. A Welsh national consciousness re-emerged during the 19th century; leading to the establishment of the National Eisteddfod in 1861, the University of Wales (Prifysgol Cymru) in 1893, and the National Library of Wales (Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru) in 1911, and by 1915 the Welsh Guards (Gwarchodlu Cymreig) was formed to include Wales in the UK national component to the Foot Guards. By 1924 there were people in Wales “eager to make their nationality the focus of Welsh politics”.
Support for home rule for Wales and Scotland amongst most political parties was strongest in 1918 following the independence of other European countries after the First World War, and the Easter Rising in Ireland, wrote Dr. Davies. However, in the UK General Elections of 1922, 1923, and 1924; “Wales as a political issue was increasingly eliminated from the “. By August 1925 unemployment in Wales rose to 28.5%, this in contrast to the economic boom in the early 1920s. For Wales, the long depression began in 1925.
It was in this climate that the Welsh Home Rulers group and the Welsh Movement met. Both organisations sent a delegation of three to the meeting, with H.R. Jones heading the Welsh Home Rulers group and Saunders Lewis heading The Welsh Movement. They were joined by Lewis Valentine, D.J. Williams, and Ambrose Bebb, among others. The principal aim of the party was to foster a Welsh speaking Wales. To this end it was agreed that party business be conducted in Welsh, and that members sever all links with other British parties. Lewis insisted on these principles before he would agree to the Pwllheli conference.
According to the 1911 census, out of a population of just under 2.5 million, 43.5% of the total population of Wales spoke Welsh as a primary language. This was a decrease from the 1891 census with 54.4% speaking Welsh out of a population of 1.5 million.
With these prerequisites Lewis condemned “‘Welsh nationalism’ as it had hitherto existed, a nationalism characterised by inter-party conferences, an obsession with Westminster and a willingness to accept a subservient position for the Welsh language”, wrote Dr. Davies. It may be because of these strict positions that the party failed to attract politicians of experience in its early years. However, the party’s members believed its founding was an achievement in itself; “merely by existing, the party was a declaration of the distinctiveness of Wales”, wrote Dr. Davies.
In these early years Plaid Genedlaethol Cymru published a monthly paper called Y Ddraig Goch (the Red Dragon, the national symbol of Wales) and held an annual summer school.
H.R. Jones, the party’s full-time secretary, established a few party branches, while Valentine served as party president between 1925 and 1926. In the UK General Election of 1929, Valentine stood for Caernarfon and polled 609 votes. Later they became know as the ‘the Gallant Six Hundred’ when Dafydd Iwan, the current party president, immortalised them in song.
By 1932 the aims of self government and Welsh representation at the League of Nations had been added to that of preserving Welsh language and culture. However this move, and the party’s early attempts to develop an economic critique, did not lead to the broadening of its appeal beyond that of an intellectual and socially conservative Welsh language pressure group.
The Lewis Doctrine 1926–1939
During the inter-war years, Plaid Genedlaethol Cymru was most successful as a social and educational pressure group rather than as a political party. For Saunders Lewis, party president 1926-1939, “the chief aim of the party to ‘take away from the Welsh their sense of inferiority… to remove from our beloved country the mark and shame of conquest.’” Lewis sought to cast Welshness into a new context, wrote Dr Davies.
Lewis wished to demonstrate how Welsh heritage was linked as one of the ‘founders of European civilisation. Lewis, a self-described “strong monarchist,” wrote “Civilization is more than an abstraction. It must have a local habitation and name. Here its name is Wales”. Additionally, Lewis strove for the stability and well-being of Welsh-speaking communities, decried both capitalism and socialism and promoted what he called perchentyaeth; a policy of ‘distributing property among the masses.
Broadcasting campaigns and 1931 Census
Plaid Cymru’s logo from 1936-2006
With the advent of broadcasting in Wales, Plaid Genedlaethol Cymru protested the lack of Welsh language programmes in Wales and launched a campaign to withhold license fees. Pressure was successful, and by the mid 1930s more Welsh language programming was broadcast, with the formal establishment of a Welsh regional broadcasting channel by 1937.
According to the 1931 census, out of a population of just over 2.5 million, the percentage of Welsh speakers in Wales dropped to 36.8%, with Ynys Mon recording the highest concentration of speakers at 87.4%, followed by Cardigan at 87.1%, Merionedd at 86.1%, and Carmarthen at 82.3%. Caernarfon listed 79.2%. Radnor and Monmouth ranked lowest with a concentration of Welsh speakers less than 6% of the population speaking Welsh.
Tân yn Ll?n 1936
see also Penyberth
Coelcerth Rhyddid
Plaid Cenedlaethol Cymru’s 1936 political pamphlet
Welsh nationalism was ignited in 1936 when the UK government settled on establishing a bombing school at Penyberth on the Ll?n peninsula in Gwynedd. The events surrounding the protest, known as Tân yn Ll?n (Fire in Ll?n), helped define Plaid Genedlaethol Cymru. The UK government settled on Ll?n as the site for its new bombing school after similar locations Northumberland and Dorset were met with protests.
However, UK Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin refused to hear the case against the bombing school in Wales, despite a deputation representing half a million Welsh protesters. Protest against the bombing school was summed up by Lewis when he wrote that the UK government was intent upon turning one of the ‘essential homes of Welsh culture, idiom, and literature’ into a place for promoting a barbaric method of warfare. Construction of the bombing school building began exactly 400 years after the first Act of Union annexing Wales into England.
On 8 September 1936 the bombing school building was set on fire and in the investigations which followed Saunders Lewis, Lewis Valentine, and D. J. Williams claimed responsibility. The trial at Caernarfon failed to agree on a verdict and the case was sent to the Old Bailey in London. The “Three” were sentenced to nine months’ imprisonment in Wormwood Scrubs, and on their release they were greeted as heroes by fifteen thousand Welsh at a pavilion Caernarfon.
D. J. Williams in the 1936 Plaid Cymru pamphlet Coelcerth Rhyddid
Many Welsh were angered by the judge’s scornful treatment of the Welsh language, by the decision to move the trial to London, and by the decision of University College, Swansea, to dismiss Lewis from his post before he had been found guilty. Scholar and historian Dafydd Glyn Jones wrote of the fire that it was “the first time in five centuries that Wales struck back at England with a measure of violence… To the Welsh people, who had long ceased to believe that they had it in them, it was a profound shock”.
However, despite the acclaim the events of Tân yn Ll?n generated, by 1938 Lewis’ concept of perchentyaeth was firmly rejected as not a fundamental tenet of the party. In 1939 Lewis resigned as Plaid Genedleathol Cymru president citing that Wales was not ready to accept the leadership of a Roman Catholic. Academic and theologian J E Daniel, the party’s former vice-president between 1931-1935, was elected as president of Plaid Cenedlaethol Cymru in 1939, serving until 1943.
Criticism
Saunders Lewis’ perceived “elitist views”, and a “condescending attitude towards some aspects of nonconformist, radical and pacifist traditions of Wales” drew criticism from fellow nationalist such as David James (D.J.) Davies, a leftist Plaid Cymru party member and founder. Davies argued in favour of engaging English-speaking Welsh communities, and stressed the territorial integrity of Wales. Davies pointed towards Scandinavian countries as a model to emulate, and was active in the economic implications of Welsh self-government.
Speaking at the North American Association for the Study of Welsh Culture and History in Gallia County, Ohio, in 2001, Professor John Davies said
The other strand of Welsh twentieth-century radicalism- that of Plaid Cymru- also had American associations. While Saunders Lewis looked to France and Rome, that equally significant figure D.J. Davies looked to the Nordic countries and to America, in whose armed forces he served in the First World War, as a protest against the class bound attitudes of the officers of the British Army. His inspiration came above all from the New Deal, and year in year out the model he offered for the regeneration of depression-ridden Wales was the work of the Tennessee Valley Authority.
It was Davies’ ideal of Welsh nationalism which was adopted by Plaid Cymru after the Second World War, wrote Dr. Davies. But it was Lewis’ “brilliance and charismatic appeal” which was firmly associated with Plaid Genedlaethol Cymru in the 1930s.
Plaid Genedlaethol Cymru’s appeal may have been further complicated by the apparent “fascist-style corporatism shown by and other Roman Catholic leaders of the party”, according to historian Lord Morgan. Author G. A. Williams characterised the party of the 1930s as a “right wing force”, and “Its journal refused to resist Hitler or Mussolini, ignored or tolerated anti-Semitism and, in effect, came out in support of Franco”.
However, within the context of the 1930s, other UK politicians of other parties offered endorsements for fascist leaders. In 1933 Winston Churchill characterised Mussolini as ‘the greatest lawgiver among men’, and later wrote in his 1937 book Great Contemporaries, “If our country were defeated, I hope we should find a champion as admirable (as Hitler) to restore our courage and lead us back to our place among the nations”. In the same work, Churchill expressed a hope that despite Hitler’s apparent dictatorial tendencies, he would use his power to rebuild Germany into a worthy member of the world community. And in August 1936, Liberal party member David Lloyd George met Hitler at Berchtesgaden and offered some public comments that were surprisingly favourable to the German dictator, expressing warm enthusiasm both for Hitler personally and for Germany’s public works schemes (upon returning, he wrote of Hitler in the Daily Express as “the greatest living German”, “the George Washington of Germany”).
Bards under the bed 1939-1945
During the Second World War the UK government felt it prudent to “avoid action which might foster the growth of an extreme Welsh nationalist movement”. Clement Attlee, then UK Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs, voiced concern over Welsh nationalists after a deputation of Welsh Labour UK parliamentarians met with him about ignoring Welsh issues during the conflict.
Attlee characterised Welsh nationalists as “mischievous tend to be against the war effort”. To root-out Welsh nationalist sympathies within army units, the UK government minister of Labour and National Service reported that Welsh speaking men were posted to predominantly Welsh speaking units to report on anti-war sympathies.
Additional plans were developed to counter growing Plaid Cymru influence and included “rolling out” a member of the U.K. Royal Family to “smooth things over”, according to then constitutional expert Edward Iwi. In a report he gave to Home Secretary Herbert Morrison, Iwi proposed to make the then Princess Elizabeth Constable of Caernarfon Castle (a post held by David Lloyd George), and patroness of Urdd Gobaith Cymru, and a tour of Wales as Urdd’s patroness.
The idea of posting the princess as constable of Caernarfon Castle was rejected by the Home Secretary as it might cause conflict between north and south Wales, and King George VI refused to let the teenage princess tour Wales as to not add undue pressure on her. Additionally, the plan to make the princess patroness of Urdd Gobaith Cymru was dropped as it was thought unsuitable to link the princess to an organisation two of whose leading members were conscientious objectors”.
So. Wales Borderers Cap Badge. Plaid members served in the armed forces during the war
Bards under the bed was one term coined by UK officials referring to Welsh nationalists and nationalism during the war years.
If ignoring the largely pacifist traditions of Welsh nationalism, some articles in the Welsh language press could be seen to give credence to Attlee’s fears that Welsh nationalists would be used to spearhead an insurgency. However, this characterisation misrepresented Welsh nationalist sentiments, as ” did far more to bring victory than hasten defeat”.
Ambrose Bebb, a founding member of the party, was one of the most outspoken party members in support of the War. Bebb considered Nazi Germany’s total defeat in the war as essential. Additionally, many of the Plaid Genedlaethol Cymru served in Britain’s armed forces. Lewis maintained a strict neutrality in his writings through his column Cwrs y Byd in Y Faner. It was his attempt at an unbiased interpretation of the causes and events of the war.
Welsh Guards (Gwarchodlu Cymreig) near Cagny, France, 19 July 1944.
Plaid Cymru members served in the armed forces during the war
Outside of the party’s initial position on the war, party members were free to choose for themselves their level of support for the war effort. Plaid Genedlaethol Cymru was officially neutral regarding involvement the Second World War, which party leaders considered a continuation of the First World War. Central to the neutrality policy was the idea that Wales, as a nation, had the right to decide independently on its attitude towards war, and the rejection of other nations to force Welshmen to serve in their armed forces. With this challenging and revolutionary policy Lewis hoped a significant number of Welshmen would refuse to join the British Army.
Lewis, who served in the South Wales Borderers during the First World War, was not anti-military. Rather Lewis and other party members were attempting to strengthen loyalty to the Welsh nation “over the loyalty to the British State”. Lewis argued “The only proof that the Welsh nation exists is that there are some who act as if it did exist”.
However, most party members who claimed conscientious objection status did so in the context of their moral and religious beliefs, rather than on political conviction. Of these almost all were exempt from military service. About 24 party members made politics their sole grounds for exemption, of which twelve received prison sentences. For Lewis, those who objected proved that the assimilation of Wales was “being withstood, even under the most extreme pressures”.
University of Wales by-election, 1943
Prior to 1950, universities could elect and return representatives to the UK parliament. In 1943 Lewis contested the University of Wales parliamentary seat at a by-election, his opponent was former Plaid Genedlaethol Cymru deputy vice-president Dr William John Gruffydd. Gruffydd had voiced doubts about Lewis’ ideas since 1933, and by 1943 he had joined the Liberal party. The “brilliant but wayward” Gruffydd was a favourite with Welsh-speaking intellectuals and drew 52.3 per cent of the vote, to Lewis’ 22 per cent, or 1,330 votes.
The election effectively split the Welsh-speaking intelligentsia, and left Lewis embittered with politics. However, the experience proved invaluable for Plaid Cymru, as they began to refer to themselves, as “for the first time they were taken seriously as a political force”. The by-election campaign led directly to “considerable growth” for the party’s membership.
The Evans Legacy 1945-1981
With Lewis retreating from direct political involvement, and with the party drawing a modest increase in membership, Dr Gwynfor Evans was elected party president in 1945. Evans, born in Barry in Glamorgan but spending most his life in Llangadog in Carmarthenshire, only learned to speak Welsh as an adult. Evans was educated at the University of Wales, Aberystwyth, and at St John’s College, Oxford, where he founded a branch of Plaid Cymru while he was a student. As a devout Christian pacifist, Evans was unconditionally released from conscription during the Second World War on grounds as a conscientious objector.
Building on a higher profile the party fielded more candidates in elections; and in the 1945 UK parliamentary election the party won 25 per cent of the vote in Caernarfon and 16 per cent in the Neath by-election. By 1945 Plaid Cymru was in a “better position then it had been in 1939,” wrote Dr Davies.
Responding to Welsh nationalism; and despite opposition by Labour politicians such as Aneurin Bevan, Morgan Phillips and Attlee, the U.K. government felt it prudent to establish the Council of Wales in 1948, an unelected assembly of 27 with the brief of advising the UK government on matters of Welsh interest. The Council of Wales held no authority on its own, to the frustration of many of the councillors.
Following the war Plaid Cymru challenged the UK government’s continued military conscription in peace time, and protested the War Office’s use of Welsh lands for training exercises. First in the Preseli Hills in 1946, then in Tregaron in 1947, and then Trawsfynydd in 1951.
Through-out the 1950s Evans reached out to other political parties in Westminster to establish a parliament for Wales. Though failing to establish a Welsh assembly, there was movement on devolution. With Plaid Cymru expanding its influence further into the industrial south-east constituencies, the UK government gave in on small concessions towards devolution. First with the established a Minister of Welsh Affairs in 1951, then a Digest of Welsh Statistics began publication in 1954, and in 1955 Cardiff (Caerdydd) was recognised as the Welsh capital city.
On Evans’ initiative in response to a lack of Welsh-medium education at the college level, the University of Wales set up a committee for the creation of a Welsh-medium college in 1950. By 1955 the university announced its expansion of a Welsh-medium curriculum, and its continued expansion in relation to the demand for classes in Welsh. Additionally, Plaid Cymru was attracting members from other parties, such as one time Plaid Cymru critic Huw T. Edwards, who resigned from the Council of Wales and left Labour in 1958 over what he described as “Whitehallism.”
A Welsh constitutional monarchy
see also Welsh peers
The Flag of the Princely House of Aberffraw, first associated with Llywelyn the Great
At a party conference in 1949, fifty members left Plaid Cymru over Evans’ strict observance of a pacifist political doctrine and over the party’s continued emphasis on the Welsh language, but also because the party firmly rejected adopting a republican manifesto.
The disaffected founded the Welsh Republican Movement which provided a home for radical ideas while Plaid Cymru matured as a political party, wrote historian John Davies.
Breaking up the following decade, some of its aspects were later absorbed into Plaid Cymru, such as the use of English and the engagement in English-speaking Welsh communities, echoing calls from Dr D.J. Davies. This was “key … to the party’s increasing acceptability” to voters, wrote Davies.
The Cross of Neith atop the Talaith of Llywelyn the Great.
Leading Plaid Cymru members advocated that an independent Wales would be better served by a Welsh constitutional monarchy, one which would engender the affection and allegiance of the Welsh people and legitimise Welsh sovereignty. An hereditary constitutional monarch would, they argued, embody and personify Welsh national identity above party politics, while political parties formed governments in a parliamentary system similar to those of Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, or Spain.
Socialist economist D.J. Davies, originally a republican, wrote an article in Y Faner in 1953, and later published in English in the 1958 book Towards Welsh Freedom, in which he advocated for the elevation of a Welsh gentry family as the Royal Family of Wales. Among the criteria for consideration, argued Davies, was that the family had to have a history of contributing to Welsh life and reside in Wales.
Through primogeniture, Evan Vaughan Anwyl of Tywyn may be heir to the Aberffraw legacy and claim as princes of Wales.
The flooding of Capel Celyn
Tryweryn memorial chapel at Llyn Celyn
see also Capel Celyn, Llyn Celyn
In 1956, a private bill sponsored by Liverpool City Council was brought before the UK parliament to develop a water reservoir from the Tryweryn Valley, in Meirionydd in Gwynedd. The development would include the flooding of Capel Celyn (Holly Chapel), a Welsh speaking community of historic significance. Despite universal and bi-partisan objections by Welsh politicians (thirty five out of thirty six Welsh MPs opposed the bill, and one abstained) the bill was passed in 1957.
Evans joined Dr Tudor Jones and Capel Celyn farmer David Roberts, aged 65, at the Liverpool Town Hall to protest, and had to be forcibly ejected by police.
The building of the reservoir was instrumental in an increase in support for Plaid Cymru during the late 1950s. Almost unanimous Welsh political opposition had failed to stop approval of the scheme, a fact that seemed to underline Plaid Cymru’s argument that the Welsh national community was powerless. At the subsequent General Election the party’s support increased from 3.1% to 5.2%.
Plaque recording the loss of a Quaker meeting place
Of perhaps greater significance, however, was the impetus the episode gave to Welsh devolution. The Council of Wales recommended the creation of a Welsh Office (Swyddfa Gymreig) and Secretary of State for Wales early in 1957, a time when the governance of Wales on a national level was so demonstrably lacking in many people’s eyes.
The flooding of Capel Celyn also sharpened debate within Plaid Cymru about the use of direct action. While the party emphasised its constitutional approach to stopping the development, it also sympathised with the actions of two party members (who of their own accord) attempted to sabotage the power supply at the site of the Tryweryn dam in 1962.
Remember Tryweryn – famous graffiti
In October 1965 the Llyn Celyn reservoir opened to a sizeable Plaid Cymru organised demonstration. During the opening ceremonies, “posters reading ‘Hands Off Wales’ were displayed and pieces of rock where thrown at Liverpool’s Lord Mayor and Chief Constable”.
In 2005, the Liverpool City Council formally apologised for the flooding.
Tynged yr Iaith and the 1961 census
see also Tynged yr iaith
In 1962 Saunders Lewis gave a radio speech entitled Tynged yr iaith (The Fate of the Language) in which he predicted the extinction of the Welsh language unless action was taken. Lewis’ intent was to motivate Plaid Cymru into more direct action promoting the language, however it led to the formation of Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg (the Welsh Language Society) later that year at a Plaid Cymru summer school held in Pontardawe in Glamorgan. The foundation of Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg allowed for Plaid Cymru to focus on electoral politics, while the Cymdeithas focused on promoting the language.
Lewis gave his radio speech responding to the 1961 census, which showed a decrease in the number of Welsh speakers from 36% in 1931 to 26%, out of a population of about 2.5 million. In the census; Merionnydd, Ynys Mon, Carmarthen, and Caernarfon averaged 75% concentration of Welsh speakers, with the most significant decrease in the counties of Glamorgan, Flint, and Pembroke.
Responding on the calls of Welsh devolution, in 1964 the Labour Government gave effect to these proposals establishing the unelected Welsh Office (Welsh: Swyddfa Gymreig) and Secretary of State for Wales.
Evans’ election 1966
If Plaid Cymru had been disappointed at the UK general election, 1966, then the Carmarthen by-election of 14 July 1966 was reason for celebration. The contest was significant in that it resulted in the election of Gwynfor Evans, the first ever Plaid Cymru M.P. The contest was caused by the death of Lady Megan Lloyd George, Liberal MP and daughter of Lord David, 1st Earl Lloyd George of Dwyfor.
Evans’ surprise win is credited with laying the foundations for Winnie Ewing’s victory for the Scottish National Party at the Hamilton by-election, 1967, an event of equal significance for Scottish nationalism.
This was followed by two further by-elections in Rhondda West in 1967 and Caerphilly in 1968 in which the party achieved massive swings of 30% and 40% respectively, coming within a whisker of victory as both also won a higher proportion of the vote then it had won in Carmarthen.
The results were caused partly by an anti-Labour backlash. However, in Carmarthen particularly, Plaid Cymru also successfully depicted Labour’s policies as a threat to the viability of small Welsh communities. Expectations in coal mining communities that the Wilson government would halt the long-term decline in their industry had been dashed by a significant downward revision of coal production estimates.
Welsh Language Act 1967
With Plaid Cymru’s electoral successes the issue of devolution was back on the national political agenda, wrote Dr Davies. A Plaid Cymru under Evans and a Labour party influenced by Gwilym Prys Davies (Gwilym Prys Davies had published a Labour pamphlet calling for a National Assembly of Wales in 1963) and James Griffiths, the argument “in favour of a political system in Wales more answerable to the electorate” was plausible.
But by 1967 Labour retreated from endorsing home rule mainly because of the open hostility expressed by other Welsh Labour MPs to anything “which could be interpreted as a concession to nationalism”, and because of opposition by the Secretary of State for Scotland, who was responding to a growth of Scottish nationalism.
By 1967 the Welsh Language Act was passed, giving some legal protection for the use of Welsh in official government business. The Act was based on the Hughes Parry report, published in 1965, which advocated equal validity for Welsh in speech and in written documents, both in the courts and in public administration in Wales. However the Act did not include all the Hughes Parry report’s recommendations. Prior to the Act, only the English language could be spoken at government and court proceedings.
‘79 Yes Campaign; Hunger Strike for S4C
See also Welsh devolution referendum, 1979, S4C, Hunger strike
In the 1970 General Election Plaid Cymru contested every seat in Wales for the first time and its vote share surged from 4.5% in 1966 to 11.5%. Also in that year, founding member Saunders Lewis was nominated for the Nobel Prize for Literature. Evans, however, lost Carmarthen to Labour, lost again by three votes in February 1974, but regained the seat in October 1974, by which time the party had gained a further two MPs, representing the constituencies of Caernarfon and Merionethshire. Alarmed at the decrease in the number of Welsh speakers, Evans began a campaign for the establishment of a Welsh language television channel.
At the 1979 General Election the party’s vote share declined from 10.8% to 8.1% and Carmarthen was again lost to Labour.
Plaid Cymru led the Yes Campaign in favor of devolution, though some party members were somewhat ambivalent toward home rule (as opposed to outright independence). The referendum was held on St David’s Day (March 1) 1979, but the people of Wales voted against proposals to establish a Welsh Assembly.
Only 12% of the Welsh electorate voted to set up a directly elected forum which would have been based in Cardiff’s Coal Exchange. The Assembly would have had the powers and budget of the Secretary of State for Wales. The plans were defeated by a majority of 4:1 (956,330 against, 243,048 for). The Wales Act contained a requirement that at least 40% of all voters backed the plan. After the referendum results many in the party questioned its direction.
Following the Yes Campaign’s defeat, and believing Welsh nationalism was “in a paralysis of helplessness,” the UK Conservative government Home Secretary announced in September 1979 that the government would not honour its pledge in the previous May’s election campaign to establish a Welsh language television channel, much to widespread anger and resentment in Wales, wrote Dr Davies.
In early 1980 over two thousand members of Plaid Cymru pledged to go to prison rather than pay the television licence fees, and by that spring Evans announced his intention to fast to death if a Welsh language channel were not established. In early September 1980, Evans addressed thousands at a gathering in which “passions ran high,” according to Dr Davies. The government yielded by 17 September, and the Welsh Fourth Channel (S4C) was launched on 2 November 1982.
The Wigley & Elis presidencies 1981 – 2000
Dafydd Wigley,
two-term president
Caernarfon MP, Dafydd Wigley succeeded Gwynfor Evans as president in 1981, inheriting a party whose morale was at an all-time low after the defeat of the Yes Campaign. In 1981 the party adopted “community socialism,” or a “decentralised socialist state,” as a constitutional aim. This was in part as a consequence of Thatcherism’s effect in Wales. While the party embarked on a wide-ranging review of its priorities and goals, Evans continued his successful campaign to oblige the Conservative UK government to fulfil its promise to establish S4C.
Wigley’s election was seen as instrumental in deciding the future direction of Plaid Cymru. Though Wigley described his own politics as ‘right-wing’, at the time he represented a moderate, pragmatic social democracy policy, in sharp contrast with rival candidate Dafydd Elis Thomas’ far-left socialism. Wigley’s triumph was also somewhat a pyrrhic victory – he won the presidency, but Thomas would have a greater influence over the party’s ideology throughout the 1980s.
In 1984 Wigley resigned from the presidency because of his children’s health. In the 1984 party leadership elections Dafydd Elis-Thomas was elected President, defeating Dafydd Iwan, a move that saw the party shift to the political left. Wigley returned to the job in 1991 after the resignation of Elis-Thomas.
Ieuan Wyn Jones captured Ynys Mon from the Conservatives in 1987.
The 1991 census revealed that the decline in the number of Welsh speakers was arrested, and remained at the 1981 levels of 18.7% in a Welsh population of over 2.8 million. Gwynedd retained the highest concentration of Welsh speakers with 61%, followed by Powys, Clwyd, and Dyfed averaging in the mid-twenty percentile.
The Yes for Wales campaign
Main article: Yes for Wales
After the 1997 general election, the new Labour Government argued that an Assembly would be more democratically accountable than the Welsh Office, echoing calls for self-government since 1918.
For eleven years prior to 1997 Wales had been represented in the UK Cabinet by a Secretary of State who did not represent a Welsh constituency at Westminster. Plaid Cymru joined a bi-partisan Yes for Wales campaign, alongside the Labour and Liberal Democrat parties.
During the campaign for a Welsh Assembly, Diana, Princess of Wales was killed in a car accident in France. The campaign had been temporarily suspended and it was wondered what effect the death of the Princess of Wales would have on the election. Commentators pondered what effect the death of the princess and focus on the UK Royal Family would have on the devolution debate and turn out.
A second referendum was held on 18 September 1997 in which voters approved the creation of the National Assembly for Wales by a majority of just 6,712 votes.
The following year the Government of Wales Act was passed by UK parliament, establishing the National Assembly for Wales (Welsh: Cynulliad Cenedlaethol Cymru).
First Welsh Assembly, 1999 – 2003
Lord Elis-Thomas
Two-term presiding officer of the Welsh Assembly
In the 1999 election Plaid Cymru gained seats in traditionally-Labour areas such as in the Rhondda, Islwyn and Llanelli and achieving by far their highest share of the vote in any Wales-wide election. Ieuan Wyn Jones was the campaign director during Plaid Cymru’s first elections to the Welsh Assembly in 1999. While Plaid Cymru presented themselves as the natural beneficiary of devolution, others attributed their performance in large part to the travails of the Labour Party, whose nomination for Assembly First Secretary, Ron Davies, was forced to stand down in an alleged sex scandal. The ensuing leadership battle did much to damage Labour, and thus aid Plaid Cymru whose leader, by contrast, was the more popular and higher profile Dafydd Wigley. The UK Labour national leadership was seen to interfere in the contest and deny the popular Rhodri Morgan victory. Less than two months later, with a further slump in Labour support, Plaid Cymru came within 2.5 percentage points of gaining the largest vote share in Wales. Under the new system of elections, the party also gained two MEPs.
Lord Elis-Thomas was elected Presiding Officer of the National Assembly for Wales.
Jones’ presidency; 2000 – 2003
In a speech at the 2000 National Eisteddfod at Llanelli, Cynog Dafis (pronounced Davis), Plaid Cymru AM for Mid and West Wales, called for a new Welsh language movement with greater powers to lobby for the Welsh language at the Assembly, UK, and EU levels. Dafis felt the needs of the language were ignored during the first year of the Assembly, and that in order to ensure a dynamic growth of the Welsh language a properly resourced strategy was needed In his speech Dafis encouraged other Welsh language advocacy groups to work closer together creating a more favorable climate in which using Welsh was “attractive, exciting, a source of pride and a sign of strength”. Additionally, Dafis pointed towards efforts in areas such as Catalonia and the Basque country as successful examples to emulate.
Lord Elis-Thomas disagreed with Dafis assessment, however. At the Urdd Eisteddfod Lord Elis-Thomas said that there was no need for another Welsh language act, citing that there was “enough goodwill to safeguard the language’s future”. His controversial comments prompted Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg to joined a chorus calling for his resignation as the Assembly’s presiding officer.
Lord Elis-Thomas was also under fire from Welsh Labour’s Alun Michael for his endorsement of Ieuan Wyn Jones as Plaid Cymru’s president, however Elis-Thomas said he volunteered his preference as a matter of public interest and as a party member, not in his position as Assembly presiding officer.
Dafydd Wigley resigned late 2000, citing health problems but amid rumours of a plot against him. Ieuan Wyn Jones was elected President of Plaid Cymru with 77% of the vote over Helen Mary Jones a few months later. Jones reshuffled the party leadership with Jocelyn Davies as Business Manager; Elin Jones as Chief Whip and Agriculture & Rural Development Officer; Phil Williams as Economic Development; and Helen Mary Jones as Environment, Transport and Planning, plus Equal Opportunities.
The party’s move toward the political centre during this period may have been made easier by the formation of Welsh language pressure group Cymuned (Community) and the Cymru Annibynnol (The Independent Wales party), which provided another home for “radicals”.
Plaid Cymru and the Scottish National Party, having cooperated together since the 1980s, formalised their relationship by establishing the Celtic Alliance voting block in 2001. The Celtic Alliance created the third largest oppositional voting block in the UK parliament.
Llandudno Party Conference
At the Llandudno Plaid Cymru party conference of 2002, Jones called for greater Assembly authority ” with Scotland’s parliament”, and “opposed any military conflict in Iraq, saying it would destabilise the Middle East”. Jones also criticised health and public services policies and would end the “endless revamping of structures and administration”.
Language and Housing Controversy
see also Commuter town, gentrification
Controversy erupted in mid-winter 2001 when Seimon Glyn, Gwynedd County Council’s housing committee chairman and Plaid Cymru member, voiced frustration over “English immigrants” moving into traditionally Welsh speaking communities. Glyn was commenting on a report underscoring the dilemma of rocketing house prices outstripping what locals could pay, with the report warning that ‘…traditional Welsh communities could die out…” as a consequence.
Much of the rural Welsh real-estate market was driven by a cycle of growing dormitory towns, which was exacerbated by second home buyers and growing retirement communities. Many buyers were drawn to Wales from England because of relatively inexpensive house prices in Wales as compared to house prices in England. The rise in home prices outpaced the average earnings income in Wales, and meant that many local people could not afford to purchase their first home or compete against commuter or second-home buyers.
In 2001 nearly a third of all properties in Gwynedd were bought by buyers from out of the county, and with some communities reporting as many as a third of local homes used as holiday homes. Holiday home owners spend less than six months of the year in the local community. Additional concern was expressed by Cymuned, which included disillusioned Plaid Cymru members, when it was pointed out that real-estate in North Wales was specifically marketed to affluent buyers in England rather than marketed to locals. These growing dormitory towns along the North Wales Expressway serve more as commuter communities for Chester and other cross-border cities, effectively driving-out Welsh-speaking communities, activists pointed out.
In housing markets where commuters are wealthier and small town housing markets weaker than city housing markets or suburbs, the development of a bedroom community may raise local housing prices and attract upscale service businesses in a process called gentrification. Long-time residents may be displaced by new commuter residents due to rising house prices. This can also be influenced by zoning restrictions in urbanised areas that prevent the construction of suitably cheap housing closer to places of employment.
The issue of locals being priced out of the local housing market is common to many rural communities throughout Britain, but in Wales the added dimension of language further complicated the issue, as many new residents did not learn the Welsh language.
Concern for the Welsh language under these pressures prompted Glyn to say “Once you have more than 50% of anybody living in a community that speaks a foreign language, then you lose your indigenous tongue almost immediately”.
Plaid Cymru had long advocated controls on second homes, and a 2001 taskforce headed by Dafydd Wigley recommended land should be allocated for affordable local housing, and called for grants for locals to buy houses, and recommended council tax on holiday homes should double, following similar measures in the Scottish Highlands.
However the Welsh Labour-Liberal Democrat Assembly coalition rebuffed these proposals, with Assembly housing spokesman Peter Black stating that “we frame our planning laws around the Welsh language”, adding “Nor can we take punitive measures against second home owners in the way that they propose as these will have an impact on the value of the homes of local people”.
In contrast, by fall 2001 the Exmoor National Park authority in England began limiting home ownership there which was also driving up local housing prices by as much as 31%. Elfyn Llwyd, Plaid Cymru’s parliamentary group leader, said that the issues in Exmoor National Park were the same as in Wales, however in Wales there is the added dimension of language and culture.
Reflecting on the controversy Glyn’s comments caused earlier in the year, Llwyd observed “What is interesting is of course it is fine for Exmoor to defend their community but in Wales when you try to say these things it is called racist…”
Llwyd called on other parties to join in a debate to bring the Exmoor experience to Wales when he said “… I really do ask them and I plead with them to come around the table and talk about the Exmoor suggestion and see if we can now bring it into Wales”.
By spring 2002 both the Snowdonia National Park (Welsh: Parc Cenedlaethol Eryri) and Pembrokeshire Coast National Park (Welsh: Parc Cenedlaethol Arfordir Penfro) authorities began limiting second home ownership within the parks, following the example set by Exmoor. According to planners in Snowdonia and Pembroke applicants for new homes must demonstrate a proven local need or the applicant had strong links with the area.
In the 2001 General Election, Plaid Cymru lost Jones’ old seat of Ynys Môn to Labour’s Albert Owen. An internal report commissioned by Plaid Cymru following the 2001 General Election attributed the loss of significant votes directly to Glyn’s controversial comments. Despite this, Plaid Cymru recorded their highest ever vote share in a General Election of 14.3%, gaining Carmarthen East and Dinefwr and electing Adam Price.
2001 Census and tickbox controversy
see also Demography of Wales, Welsh people
Percentage of Welsh speakers by principal area
According to the 2001 census the number of Welsh speakers in Wales increased for the first time in 100 years, with 20.5% in a population of over 2.9 million claiming fluency in Welsh, or one in five. Additionally, 28% of the population of Wales claimed to understand Welsh. The census revealed that the increase was most significant in urban areas; such as Cardiff (Caerdydd) with an increase from 6.6% in 1991 to 10.9% in 2001, and Rhondda Cynon Taff with an increase from 9% in 1991 to 12.3% in 2001. However, the percentage of Welsh speakers declined in Gwynedd from 72.1% in 1991 to 68.7%, and in Ceredigion from 59.1% in 1991 to 51.8%. Ceredigion in particular experienced the greatest fluctuation with a 19.5% influx of new residents since 1991, partially atributable to the inclusion of transient collage students at local universities.
The census also revealed that one-third of the population of Wales described themselves as of British nationality, with respondents having to write in whether or not they were Welsh. Controversy surrounding the method of determining nationality began as early as 2000, when it was revealed that respondents in Scotland and Northern Ireland would be able to check a box describing themselves as Scottish or Irish, an option not available for Welsh respondents.
Prior to the Census, Plaid Cymru backed a petition calling for the inclusion of a Welsh tickbox and for the National Assembly to have primary law-making powers and its own National Statistics Office.
With an absence of a Welsh tickbox, the only other tickbox available was ‘white-British,’ ‘Irish’, or ‘other’. Critics expected a higher proportion of respondants describing themselves as of Welsh nationality had a Welsh tickbox been available. Additional criticism targeted the timing of the census, which was taken in the middle of the Foot and Mouth crisis of 2001, a fact organisers said did not impact the results. However, the Foot and Mouth crisis did delay UK General Elections, the first time since the Second World War any event postponed an election.
The Mittal Affair
Controversy ensued in 2002 as Adam Price exposed the link between UK prime minister Tony Blair and steel magnate Lakshmi Mittal in the Mittal Affair, also known as ‘Garbagegate’ or Cash for Influence. Mittal’s LNM steel company, registered in the Dutch Antilles and maintaining less than 1% of its 100,000 plus workforce in the UK, sought Blair’s aid in its bid to purchase Romania’s state steel industry. The letter from Blair to the Romanian government, a copy of which Price was able to obtain, hinted that the privatisation of the firm and sale to Mittal might help smooth the way for Romania’s entry into the European Union.
The letter had a passage in it removed just prior to Blair’s signing of it, describing Mittal as “a friend”.
In exchange for Blair’s support Mittal, already a Labour contributor, donated £125,000 more to Labour party funds a week after the 2001 UK General Elections, while as many as six thousand Welsh steelworkers were laid off that same year, Price and others pointed out. Mittal’s company, then the fourth largest in the world, was a “major global competitor of Britain’s own struggling steel industry, Corus, formerly known as British Steel”. Corus and Valkia Limited were two of the primary employers in South Wales, particularly in Ebbw Vale, Llanwern, and Port Talbot.
Iwan’s presidency; 2003 – Current
Second Welsh Assembly, 2003 – 2007
In the May Assembly election of 2003 Plaid Cymru lost five seats, with critics pointing towards a less organised electoral organisation which often found difficulty articulating the party’s message in the media. This was in sharp contrast to the electoral organisation and performance of 1999.
Within a week of the Assembly elections, there were accusations of a plot headed by AM Helen Mary Jones and four other Plaid Cymru Assembly Members manoeuvering for Jones’ removal. But Helen Mary Jones denied involvement. However, Ieuan Wyn Jones resigned as both party president and leader of the assembly group.
By summer 2003 the party underwent a constitutional reorganisation dividing its Cardiff Bay and Westminster responsibilities. The organisational change prompted new party elections, with Ieuan Wyn Jones standing again for Assembly group leadership, having received both grassroots support from “all over Wales” and senior party members.
With the move towards digital programming, Plaid Cymru urged the “UK government to make Wales one of the first areas to completely switch over to digital television from the current analogue service”.
Impeachment of Blair Campaign, 2004 – 2007
see also Impeach Blair campaign
In August 2004, Adam Price began a campaign to impeach then UK Prime Minister Tony Blair over the alleged misleading of the UK Parliament and for allegedly making a secret agreement with then US President George W. Bush to overthrow Saddam Hussein, amongst other charges. Plaid’s Parliament group leader Elfyn Llwyd and then Scottish National Party (SNP) group leader Alex Salmond co-drafted the motion.
Impeachment had not been used in the UK for one hundred and fifty years. If successful, it could have seen Blair tried before the House of Lords; however, as expected, the measure failed.
On 17 March 2005 Price was ejected from the Commons chamber after accusing the Prime Minister of having “misled” Parliament and then refusing to withdraw his comment, in violation of the rules of the House.
In November 2005, the campaign announced a new motion (this time with the support of the Liberal Democrats) asking for a Commons committee to examine the conduct of ministers before and after the war. The campaign tabled an Early Day Motion:
The motion collected 151 signatures, including some Labour back-benchers.
By October 2006, Price opened a three hour debate on an inquiry into the Iraq War, the first such debate in over two years. The SNP and Plaid Cymru motion proposing a committee of seven senior MPs to review “the way in which the responsibilities of government were discharged in relation to Iraq”, was defeated by 298 votes to 273, a Government majority of 25, but was supported by a significant number of opposition MPs, and twelve “rebel” Labour MPs, including Glenda Jackson.
Despite the lack of debate on the original impeachment motion, Price pledged to continue his campaign. However, with the resignation of Blair on 27 June 2007, the entire issue of impeachment may now be moot.
80th Anniversary and Evans celebrated 2005
In 2005 Plaid Cymru celebrated both the life of iconic figure Gwynfor Evans, who had died in April, and of the 80th anniversary of the party’s founding. At Evans’ funeral in Aberystwyth, attended by thousands, Plaid Cymru president Dafydd Iwan said “For Plaid Cymru members and supporters, young and old, Gwynfor Evans has been Plaid Cymru’s spiritual leader and will continue to be so. It is impossible to underestimate Gwynfor’s unique contribution to building Plaid Cymru into the party it is today”.
Evans was “Wales’ most remarkable politician,” according to Plaid Cymru parliamentary group leader Elfyn Llwyd, adding that Evans will be remembered for his “fearless dedication to the cause of peace and international understanding”. Evans was voted third Top Welsh millennium hero in 2000, and fourth Welsh hero in 2004, according to BBC Wales online polls.
Cymru X
Cymru X was founded in 2005 to merge Plaid Cymru’s two existing movements in to one new youth movement. The student federation ‘the ffed’ and the youth movement were merged to create a brand new youth organisation available to anyone under the age of 30. CymruX is run by its National Committee, chaired by Caryl Wyn Jones. The committee is elected every March.
While working as President of the Aberystwyth Guild of Students, Bethan Jenkins saw Plaid Cymru defeated in Ceredigion. After leaving Aberystwyth University, Jenkins worked in the office of Leanne Wood AM and used her contacts there to set up the organisation Cymru X. Cymru X launched the first ever interactive text referendum on a Parliament for Wales, as well as campaigns against nuclear arms. Glyn Wise from Big Brother fame also took part in a campaign alongside Cymru X to encourage young people to vote prior to the National Assembly election in 2007.
There are also some link-ups with the student and youth wings of the SNP.
Crossroads, leadership, and rebranding
2005 also saw the party in a kind of “crossroads,” as historic tensions within the party resurfaced between Plaid Cymru as a social pressure group and Plaid Cymru as an electoral political party. Professor Laura McAllister, a Plaid Cymru history expert and former party candidate, said that unless the party shed its “pressure group past” it could not expect more than to form a coalition government with other parties.
Helen Mary Jones, however, disagreed with McAllister’s assessment and in 2005 said that “Plaid Cymru speaks to and for all the people of Wales.” Former Rhondda Cynon Taff Plaid Cymru councillor Syd Morgan agreed with Helen Mary Jones and said that the issue was not with the party’s message, but because of a lack of a “modern corporate image” that the “party as a whole does not resonate with the people of Wales.”
Old logo (above) and new logo (below)
In February 2006 Plaid Cymru undertook changes to its party structure, including designating the Welsh Assembly group leader as the overall party leader. This move placed Ieuan Wyn Jones again at the head of the party, with Dafydd Iwan remaining party president and popular Dafydd Wigley remaining Honorary President.
Responding to calls from within the party to reinvigorate its image, at a party conference the unveiling of a radical change of image prompted some controversy from within the party. Changes included officially using “Plaid” as the party’s name, although “Plaid Cymru – The Party of Wales” would remain the official title. The adoption of Plaid, which had long been used in less formal speech as referring to the party, was a recognition of its use for all party business. Additionally, the party’s colours were changed from the traditional green and red to yellow, while the party logo was changed from the ‘triban’ (three peaks) used since 1933 to a yellow Welsh poppy (Meconopsis cambrica).
The Government of Wales Act 2006
Main article: Government of Wales Act 2006
The Government of Wales Act 2006 was heavily criticised by Plaid for not delivering a fully-fledged parliament. Additionally, Plaid criticised the Welsh Labour Party’s allegedly partisan attempt to alter the electoral system. By preventing regional Assembly Members from standing in constituency seats Welsh Labour was accused of “changing the rules” to protect constituency representatives. Labour had 29 members in the Assembly at the time, all of whom held constituency seats.
Third Welsh Assembly, 2007-2011
In the Welsh Assembly election of May 3, 2007, Plaid increased its number of seats from 12 to 15, regaining Llanelli, gaining one additional list seat and winning the newly created constituency of Aberconwy The 2007 election also saw Plaid’s Mohammad Asghar become the first ethnic minority candidate elected to the Welsh Assembly. The Party’s share of the vote increased to 22.4%. After a tight race, Helen Mary Jones won back the important Llanelli constituency for Plaid, with a majority of 3,884 votes.
Bethan Jenkins
at 26, the youngest AM elected
Plaid AM Dr Dai Lloyd hailed the 2007 Assembly election campaign as the “most professional” campaign that Plaid had run, and made special note that it was funded from exclusively Welsh sources. In the 2007 Assembly election Plaid spent just under £261,286 on the campaign, about three times that of the 2003 Assembly elections.
On 19 October 2007, Plaid AM Asghar escaped death as a terrorist explosion in Karachi, Pakistan, killed 130 others. He had been within 35 metres of the blast. Asghar had accompanied Benazir Bhutto, former Prime Minister of Pakistan and intended target, on her return there from exile.
Following the Assembly elections, a UK parliamentary standards and privileges committee found Plaid MPs Elfyn Llwyd, Adam Price and Hywel Williams guilty of improperly advertising during the elections. Though the committee admitted the three did not break any clear rules of the UK House of Commons, the committee believed the timing of the adverts was planned to coincide with the Assembly elections.
Parliamentary funds are available for MPs to communicate with constituents regularly. However the committee found that the three used this communication allowance improperly as part of Plaid’s campaigning during the elections as the adverts were placed in publications with a circulation outside of their respective constituencies.
Plaid MP group leader Elfyn Llwyd said that they had “…acted in good faith throughout, and fully in line with the advice that was offered to us by the DFA (Department of Finance and Administration) at the time of the publication of the reports”, but that they would comply with the findings. The three had to repay the money, about five thousand pounds each, and report the costs as part of Plaid’s election spending.
The “One Wales” Agreement
see also One Wales
Plaid entered into negotiations with Welsh Labour to form a stable government only after Plaid’s initial attempts to form a three-party coalition with the Conservative and Liberal Democrat parties failed. The “One Wales” agreement hammered out promised aid to “first-time house-buyers, pensioners and students and a review of NHS reconfiguration”, and with a “commitment by Welsh Labour to campaign favourably for full parliamentary powers, similar to the Scottish Parliament, in a referendum held before 2011″. The historicOne Wales agreement was approved by both political parties by 7 July. Only a coalition between Plaid and Welsh Labour would provide the necessary two-thirds majority in the Assembly to trigger the referendum.
The One Wales agreement did receive criticism from fellow Plaid members. Plaid’s honorary president Wigley summarised disagreement when he warned that the pact was reached too quickly and not enough planning had gone into it. Wigley believed that the agreement’s failings might jeopardise the Assembly receiving full parliamentary powers by a 2011 referendum, and that other provisions of the agreement would not be fully funded. Indeed, with the budget outlined after the coalition was formed Plaid was obliged to defend spending cuts it may have otherwise criticised.
Queen Elizabeth II confirmed Ieuan Wyn Jones as Deputy First Minister of Wales and minister for Economy and Transport on July 11, 2007. Plaid’s deputy president Rhodri Glyn Thomas, who argued in favour of the Welsh language channel S4C becoming bilingual after digital switchover despite the circumstances of S4C’s founding, was appointed Heritage Minister. Ceredigion AM Elin Jones was appointed to the Rural Affairs brief in the new ten member Cabinet. As if in an effort to underscore Plaid’s identity within the coalition, Plaid ministers sit with the Plaid assembly group rather than with Labour cabinet members.
Rhodri Glyn Thomas
Plaid’s Deputy President
Of Plaid’s entering into government for the first time Jones said “The party’s role so far has been one of the opposition party, which put pressure on the other parties to move things forward for the benefit of Wales”. Speaking about moderation and consensus at the British-Irish Council at Stormont on 16 July 2007, Jones said that Wales has seen “a coming together of parties with different traditions, on the basis of a shared programme for government, and a shared commitment to improve the lives of all our people in all parts of Wales”.
Jones joined the Queen representing Wales in Belgium at the 90th anniversary ceremony of the Third Battle of Ypres at Passchendaele (World War I). During the battle celebrated Welsh poet Hedd Wyn had died, along with thousands of other Welshmen.
Broadcast news controversy
In August 2007 MP Adam Price highlighted what he perceived as a lack of a Welsh focus on BBC news broadcasts. Price threatened to withhold future television licence fees in response to a lack of thorough news coverage of Wales, echoing a BBC Audience Council for Wales July report citing public frustration over how the Welsh Assembly is characterised in national media. AM Bethan Jenkins agreed with Price and called for responsibility for broadcasting to be devolved to the Welsh Assembly, voicing similar calls from Scotland’s First Minister Alex Salmond. Criticism of the BBC’s news coverage for Wales and Scotland since devolution prompted debate of possibly providing evening news broadcasts with specific focus for both countries.
Party Conference 2007 and Peerage Call
At the Llandudno party conference, 2007, Plaid members discussed the new European Union reform treaty, a change in placing women at the top of regional lists in the Welsh assembly elections, and the party’s position on nuclear power.
Grass roots party members blame the policy of placing women at the top of regional lists as the cause for Dafydd Wigley’s failure to be elected to the Assembly. Plaid began the policy of placing women at the top of regional lists to attract more women into the political process, however opponents pointed out that the policy discriminated against men. In the so called Zip system whoever wins the greatest amount of party votes will be placed at the top of the regional list, followed by the opposite gender candidate who received the next highest vote share.
Additionally, Plaid parliamentary leader Elfyn Llwyd encouraged the party to nominate peers into the UK House of Lords, citing that Plaid peers would “help ensure planned legislation for Wales was not blocked at Westminster”, adding that many in the Lords may want to prevent full law-making powers for Wales. With consensus building from within the party to nominate peers, honorary party president Dafydd Wigley was nominated for peerage. Other Plaid nominees for life peerage include Eurfyl ap Gwilym, and Janet Davies. Currently, Lord Elis-Thomas is the lone Plaid peer.
In a September 2007 poll, “83% of the people of Wales now support self-government – with a clear majority of the Welsh electorate supporting a full law-making and a tax-varying Parliament for Wales”, according to Plaid MP for Caernarfon, Hywel Williams.
Plaid Cymru party leaders
Plaid Cymru Leader
Portrait
Entered office
Left office
Length of Leadership
1
Ieuan Wyn Jones
2006
current
Plaid Cymru party presidents since 1925
Portrait
Entered office
Left office
Length of Leadership
1
Lewis Valentine
1925
1926
12 months
2
Saunders Lewis
1926
1939
19 years
3
J E Daniel
1939
1943
4
1943
1945
5
Gwynfor Evans
1945
1981
36 years
6
Dafydd Wigley
1981
1984
4 years
7
Lord Elis-Thomas
1984
1991
8 years
8
Dafydd Wigley
1991
2001
10 years
9
Ieuan Wyn Jones
2001
2003
2 years
10
Dafydd Iwan
2003
current
Current
Honorary party presidents
Portrait
Entered office
Left office
Length of Leadership
1
Dafydd Wigley
2001
present
7 years
Welsh Assembly Group Leaders since 1999
Portrait
Entered office
Left office
Length of Leadership
1
Dafydd Wigley
1999
2001
3 years
2
Ieuan Wyn Jones
2001
current
8 years
UK Members of Parliament Group Leaders
Portrait
Entered office
Left office
Length of Leadership
1
Gwynfor Evans
1966
1979
2
Dafydd Wigley
1980
3
4
Elfyn Llwyd
Current
See also
History of the Welsh language
List of Plaid Cymru MPs
Category:Plaid Cymru politicians
Politics of Wales
National Assembly for Wales election, 2007
Sources
Davies, John (1994). A History of Wales. New York: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-014581-8.
Davies, John (2001). Wales and America. Gallia County, Ohio: North American Journal of Welsh Sudies, Vol. 1,1.
Jobbins, Siôn T. (January 2008). Why Not a Welsh Royal Family. Cambria magazine.
References
^ John Davies, A History of Wales, Penguin, 1994, ISBN 0-14-014581-8, Page 547
^ abcde Davies, op cit, Page 547
^ abc John Davies, Wales and America
^Why Not a Welsh Royal Family? by Siôn T Jobbins, January 2008, Cambria magazine
^ BBCWales History language map 1911 extracted 12-03-07
^ BBCWales History language map 1891 extracted 12-03-07
^ Plaid Cymru: Who We Are
^ McAllister, L, Plaid Cymru: The Emergence of a Political Party, (2001), Seren “The tentative moves towards elaborating and broadening Plaid’s policy portfolio did not allow it to shake off its early identity as a language movement or a cultural pressure group.” See also Butt-Phillip, A, The Welsh Question, (1975), University of Wales Press. “It is clear that the Welsh Nationalist Party was at the outset essentially intellectual and moral in outlook and socially conservative.
^ abcdef Davies, op cit, page 591
^ abcde Royal plans to beat nationalism Tuesday, 8 March 2005 Extracted 10-31-07
^ Davies, op cit, page 590
^ abc BBCWales language map 1931 Extracted 12-03-07
^ abcdefg Davies, op cit, page 592
^ Welsh Biography Online, DANIEL, JOHN EDWARD, extracted April 20, 2008
^ Davies, op cit, pages 591-592
^ Davies,Dr. John. North American Journal of Welsh Studies Vol. 1,1 (Winter 2001)
^ ab Morgan, K O, Welsh Devolution: the Past and the Future in Scotland and Wales: Nations Again? (Ed. Taylor, B and Thomson, K), (1999), University of Wales Press
^ Williams, G A When Was Wales?, (1985), Penguin.
^ Davies, D H, The Welsh Nationalist Party 1925-1945, (1983), St. Martin’s Press.
^ Morgan, K O, Rebirth of a Nation, (1981), OUP.
^ Canadine op cit p52
^ abcd Bards under the beds, South Wales police website
^ ab Bards under the beds, South Wales police website
^ abcdefgh Davies, op cit, page 599
^ abc Davies, op cit, page 598
^ ab Davies, op cit, page 610
^ abcd Davies, op cit, page 611
^ abcd Plaid pioneer Gwynfor Evans dies
^ Davies, op cit, page 622
^ Davies, op cit, pages 622-623
^ Davies, op cit, page 662
^ Davies, op cit, page 649
^ Davies, op cit, page 650
^ abc Davies, op cit, page 623
^ abcd Jobbins, Siôn T., Why Not a Welsh Royal Family? Published in Cambria Magazine, January, 2008
^Wales Must Have A Monarchy, published in Welsh in the journal Y Faner 1953, and in English in the book Towards Welsh Freedom in 1958
^ Burke’s Peerage
^ D.J. Davies wrote of the Rhys/Rice family of Dinefwr, perhaps unaware of the Anwyl family and claims as descendants of the Aberffraw family.
^ Davies, John, A History of Wales, Penguin, 1994, Aberffraw primacy pg 116, patron of bards 117, Aberfraw relations with English crown pg 128, 135
^ Lewis, Hurbert; The Ancient Laws of Wales, 1889. Chapter VIII: Royal Succession; Rules to Marriage; Alienation pgs 192-200. According to Hurbert Lewis, though not explicitly codified as such by Hywel Dda, the edling, or Heir apparent, was by convention and custom the eldest son of the prince and entitled to inheirit the position and title as “head of the family” from the father. Effectively primogeniture with local variations. However, all sons were provided for out of the lands of the father and in certin circumstances so too were daughters. Additionally, sons could claim materinal patromony through their mother in certin circumstances.
^ Lloyd, J.E. A History of Wales; From the Norman Invasion to the Edwardian Conquest, Barnes & Noble Publishing, Inc. 2004, Aberffraw primacy pg 220
^ abcdCoslett, Paul (2005-10-19). “Flooding Apology”. Where I Live – Liverpool. bbc.co.uk. http://www.bbc.co.uk/liverpool/content/articles/2005/10/17/feature_welsh_reservoir_feature.shtml. Retrieved 2008-08-17. “A motion passed by the council on Wednesday 19th October reads, “We realise the hurt of forty years ago when the Tryweryn Valley was transformed into a reservoir to help meet the water needs of Liverpool. For any insensitivity by our predecessor council at that time, we apologise and hope that the historic and sound relationship between Liverpool and Wales can be completely restored.”"
^ Davies, op cit
^ ab Butt-Phillip, A, The Welsh Question, (1975), University of Wales Press
^ Morgan, K O, Rebirth of a Nation, (1981), OUP
^ ab BBCWales History language map 1961 extracted 12-03-07
^ Tanner, D, Facing the New Challenge: Labour and Politics 1970 – 2000 in The Labour Party in Wales 1900-2000 (Ed. Tanner, D, Williams, C and Hopkin, D), (2000), University of Wales Press
^ Francis, H and Smith, D, The Fed: A History of the South Wales Miners in the Twentieth Century, (1980), University of Wales
^ Davies, op cit, pages 667-670
^ abcd Davies, op cit, page 667
^ ab McAllister, L, Plaid Cymru: The Emergence of a Political Party, (2001), Seren
^ ab Davies, op cit, page 680
^ BBC Wales History language map 1991 extracted 12-04-07
^ Evidence to Richards Commission of Cllr Russell Goodway. 10 July 2003. Retrieved 9 July 2006.
^ abHorton, Nick (2007-09-18). “That’s When I Ran to the Phone…”. BBC News (bbc.co.uk). http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/6993569.stm. Retrieved 2008-08-17.
^ abcde Shadow over Plaid’s 80th birthday Friday, 5 August 2005 Extracted Oct 29 2007
^ Jones The Comeback Kid extracted 07-19-07
^ Plaid, the president and the ‘plot’
^ ab Plaid president’s comeback attempt extracted 07-19-07
^ I’m a celebrity, get me Welsh TV Thursday, 22 July, 2004 extracted 11-01-07
^ ab Blair impeachment campaign starts Friday, 27 August, 2004
^ MP thrown out over Blair war jibe MP thrown out over Blair war jibe Thursday, 17 March, 2005
^ Tributes to Plaid Cymru statesman Thursday, 21 April, 2005 Extracted 29 Oct 07
^ Plaid supports ‘Gwynfor’ building Thursday, 19 May, 2005 extracted 29 Oct 2007
^ Glyndwr is Welsh man of millennium extracted 12-04-07
^ Bevan is ultimate Welsh hero extracted 12-04-07
^ First ethnic minority AM elected BBC News, 4 May 2007. Retrieved 6 May 2007.
^ ab Parties triple election spending BBC News, Thursday, 30 August 2007,retrieved 30 August 2007
^ Plaid outspent Labour at election 6 December 2007 extracted 12-08-07
^ abc AM speaks of Bhutto bomb horror BBC Wales, 19 October, 2007
^ abcde MPs’ adverts broke election rules Monday, 19 November 2007 extracted 22 January 2008
^ Labour calls coalition conference, BBC Wales, Friday, 15 June 2007
^ ab Details of Labour-Plaid agreement, BBC Wales, 27 July 2007
^ ab Labour agrees historic coalition, BBC Wales, 6 July 2007
^ Historic Labour-Plaid deal agreed, BBC Wales, 27 June 2007
^ Labour-Plaid coalition is sealed, BBC Wales, 7 July 2007
^ abc Waltzing to political pas de deux Friday, 28 December 2007
^ Wigley’s coalition deal criticism, BBC Wales, Tuesday, 7 August 2007
^ “Jones confirmed as deputy leader”, BBC Wales, 11 July 2007]
^ Digital S4C ‘could be bilingual’
^ Jones and Brown meet at Stormont, BBC Wales, 16 July 2007
^ abc Plaid MP’s BBC licence fee threat Monday, 20 August 2007
^ BBC audiences ‘want modern Wales’ Monday, 16 July 2007
^ abc Plaid is urged to nominate peers BBC Wales Thursday, 13 September 2007
^ abc First Plaid peers to be nominated Saturday, 26 January 2008, Extracted 26 Jan 2008
^ ab Wigley accepts Plaid peerage call Monday, 14 January 2008 Extracted 16 Jan 2008
^ ab Wigley is nominated as Plaid peer Saturday, 26 January 2008 extracted 27 Jan 08
^ Plaid ‘aspirations’ under attack BBC Wales Saturday, 22 September 2007
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Plaid_Cymru”
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My First Holly Golightly Album is an album released by Holly Golightly in 2005.
Track listing
“Wherever You Were”
“Directly From My Heart”
“You Ain’t No Big Thing”
“Walk A Mile”
“Won’t Go Out”
“Sally Go Round The Roses”
“Your Love Is Mine”
“Nothing You Can Say”
“Black Night”
“Mother Earth”
“An Eye For An Empty Heart”
“Further On Up The Road”
“Run Cold”
“Can’t Stand To See Your Face”
“Slowly But Surely”
“My Love Is”
“I Can’t Stand It”
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_First_Holly_Golightly_Album”
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Olle Sandahl
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Olle Sandahl, born 1950, is a Swedish christian democratic politician, member of the Riksdag 2002–2006. Sandahl is a dentist.
References
^“Olle Sandahl (kd)”. Sveriges Riksdag. http://www.riksdagen.se/Webbnav/index.aspx?nid=1111&iid=0900815713419. Retrieved 2010-01-29.
This article about a Swedish politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v•d•e
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olle_Sandahl”
Categories: Christian Democrats (Sweden) politicians | Members of the parliament of Sweden | Swedish dentists | Living people | 1950 births | Swedish politician stubs
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Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NITB”
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Dunedin Radio Stations (New Zealand)
Over the years Dunedin has come across many radio stations over the years, Each station varied with frequency importance. They were classed as either high or low frequency and the level it could broadcast at (for example, a low frequency station was a small suburban area only). Today, most radio stations are commercial and broadcast over the whole island nation (For example, More FM,Classic hits) and thus covers most high frequency stations.
Contents
1Bsport
2Classic hits
2.1Classic Hits Nationwide Network
3Coast (AM)
3.1Station History
4Concert FM
5George FM
6Hills AM
7Life FM
7.1History
8More FM
8.1Dunedin’s 4xO
9Niu FM
10Newstalk ZB
10.1History
11Radio Dunedin
11.1History
12Radio Hauraki
12.1History
13Radio Live
13.1History
14Radio New Zealand National
15Radio One
16Radio Rhema
16.1See also
17Radio Sport
17.1Programming
18Solid Gold FM
18.1History
19Southern Star/AM network
20The Breeze
20.1History
21The Edge
21.1History
22The Rock
22.1History
23Tahu FM
2495-8 ZM
24.1ZM History
24.1.1Origin of the ZM name
25List of Stations
26References
27External links
Bsport
BSport is a sports talk radio station in New Zealand that was launched on Monday 29 October 2007, replacingRadio Pacific. During racing hours Radio Trackside operates a programme providing coverage of horse racing, while outside this time BSport operates a sports/talk programme.
Classic hits
Classic Hits is an Adult Contemporary music radio network broadcasting in 26 markets throughout New Zealand, targeting 25 – 55 year olds. It is a family-focused radio network with some of New Zealand’s most experienced broadcasters on air and behind the scenes. It currently has around 387,000 listeners nationwide.
Classic Hits Nationwide Network
Each Classic Hits station in the network broadcasts a live and local breakfast show from the centre in which it is based and for the rest of the day picks up the network feed from Auckland with the ability to do local breakouts when necessary. The network announcers broadcast the Auckland and Network shows simultaneously.
Coast (AM)
Coast’ is a New Zealand radio network owned by The Radio Network that plays middle of the road music with an emphasis on music from the fifties and sixties.
It plays only two commercials per commercial break, never totalling more than 60 seconds.
Shows on this station are pre-recorded in advance. On-Air content is produced in Auckland and is beamed into other regions via satellite.
Coast FM is also the name of an unrelated, independently owned and operated radio network, based in Westport on the West Coast of the South Island.
Station History
Coast was originally started in Hawkes Bay in 2002 as a local station. The history of this station dates back to 1995 as The Wireless Station broadcasting on 1530AM and playing music from the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s, The Wireless station was operated by the Hawke’s Bay Media Group. The station was rebranded as Goodtime Gold in 1998 now playing music from the 1960s and 1970s and in 1999 became Gold 1530. This station was sold to The Radio Network in 2000 and was rebranded as Jammin’ Oldies 1530 or JO 1530. The final rebranding of this station was to the current name Coast 1530. In 2004 the station became voice tracked from Auckland in preparation for the stations launch in the Auckland market. On the 26th of April 2004 Coast launched in Auckland with the Auckland based programme being networked back to Hawkes Bay. Later in 2004 Coast was networked to other markets around New Zealand.
While all Coast stations take the same networked programme from Auckland the one exception is Hawera where this region has its own local breakfast show called “The 1557 Breakfast.” This show was originally played on Newstalk ZB in the Hawera region when Newstalk ZB broadcast on 1557AM. After Newstalk ZB in Hawera moved to 1278AM this show was dropped and replaced with the Auckland based show but later picked up by Coast.
Concert FM
Radio New Zealand Concert is a publicly-funded non-commercial New Zealand FM radio network owned by Radio New Zealand, which broadcasts classical and jazz music, as well as regular news updates from Radio New Zealand News.
Prior to January 22, 2007, Radio New Zealand Concert was known as Concert FM. The name change was part of a wider name change within Radio New Zealand, because it was found that some listeners did not associate Concert FM with the Radio New Zealand brand.
George FM
George FM is a radio station based on Ponsonby Road in Auckland.
George is a radio station that enjoys playing many genres of music, mostly from the world of dance and electronica, including house, breaks, drum and bass, electro, soul, downbeat, jazz, funk, indie electronica, hip-hop and more.
The George FM Breakfast Show was hosted by Peter Urlich, formerly of iconic New Zealand Rock band Th’ Dudes, and who, in the last 20 years, has been one of the key forces behind the rise of dance music in New Zealand. After six years he departed, and was replaced by Nick D, formerly of BFM, and C4, in February 2009.
Other high profile shows include the Key To The Groove with Bevan Keys, Aural Trash with Greg Churchill and Angela Fisken, The Magik Sessions with Dick Johnson and more.
Has announced plans to join the Freeview satellite service from 1 May 2008
On 16 February 2009 it was announced that MediaWorks Radio has acquired the Auckland based radio station George FM, and also leased the Auckland frequency 96.8FM which the station broadcasts on.George FM Manager Jef Kay has agreed to stay on for a three month transition period, during which time MediaWorks executive Emily Turnbull will assume management responsibilities at the station. Emily Turnbull has recently returned from London where she worked in radio and agencies. Prior to that Emily project managed the nationwide rollout of the More FM brand and the launch of RadioLIVE. There are no other changes to staffing as a result of the change in ownership. The purchase is for an undisclosed amount, and is effective 28 February 2009.Form press release…http://www.voxy.co.nz/business/mediaworks-acquires-george-fm/5/8975
Hills AM
Main article: Hills AM
Hills AM is a Dunedin radio station which broadcasts on 1575AM is an Access Community Radio station in Dunedin.
Hills has 3 paid employees to run the station with lots of Paid radio shows and a host of Volunteers to fill in between the nighttime BBC airing and George the computer running the shows. Hills AM has been running since 1990.
Toroa Radio
At the Air awards in September 2008, a big announcement was made. The station changed its name to Toroa Radio. Toroa is theM?ori word for “Albatross”. Having the name of “Toroa” was thought to represent the Dunedin area better because Dunedin has an albatross colony on the entrance to Otago Harbour.
Volunteers
William Campbell – Dunedin NZ
Eddie Cleverley
Life FM
Life FM is a New Zealand Christian radio network broadcasting popular contemporary Christian music to an audience primarily 30 and under, across the country. It is part of the Rhema Broadcasting Group. Sponsorship of the Parachute music festival is the main promotional exercise of the network each year, and is a major component of its summer programming.
The network attracts international audiences by streaming networked programming over the internet by means of MMS.
History
Life FM started 2pm 6 March 1993 on 99.3 FM in Christchurch to the sound of U2 “In The Name Of Love” as a station broadcasting a mix of Christian and secular music, however the frequency was leased from More FM and the station was shut down due to various reasons.and due to the lease finishing. This happened on Friday 11 July 1997 at 6pm, the last word was spoken. Life FM was restarted in Auckland, Waikato and the Bay of Plenty in 1997 as a 100% Christian network.
Listener contributions from around the world make up about 80% of the network’s budget. Since 2004 regular “Lifeathon” live radio events have raised a large proportion of this budget. In 2005 the event featured Zed lead singer Nathan King,boxer David Tua, Christian band Mumsdollar, musician Dave Dobbyn and netball player Irene van Dyk.
More FM
MORE FM is a New Zealand radio network playing adult contemporary music or Pop music. It is operated byRadioWorks, a subsidiary of MediaWorks NZ.
MORE FM broadcasts in 22 centres throughout New Zealand with local programming during the day and networked programming from 7:00 pm until 6:00 am every night. The network is the result of a re-branding exercise of several local MediaWorks Radio stations sinceNovember 2004. Prior to this, five stations in Auckland, Hamilton, Wellington,Christchurchand Dunedin broadcast entirely local programming, although some shows in Dunedin were networked from Christchurch.
According to the MediaWorks corporate website, MORE FM targets a 25–44 year old female audience and seeks to maintain a local presence in the markets in which it operates. Sponsorship of the five Super 14 franchises, especially by the original five stations, is an important component of the network’s brand.
Dunedin’s 4xO
Dunedin’s 98 MORE FM began broadcasting in Dunedin around 1997. The breakfast show, originally presented by Simon Barnett and Phil Gifford was a simulcast from Christchurch’s 92 MORE FM. Other shows were a mixture of locally produced shows and shows prerecorded also from MORE FM in Christchurch. 98 More FM was replaced with a simulcast of The Breeze Christchurch when local station 4XO was rebranded as 97.4 MORE FM.
Niu FM
NiuFM, a New Zealand Urban Contemporary radio station based in Ponsonby, Auckland, broadcasts nationally offering a mix of cool music, diverse cultures, topical news, and information straight from the heart of the Pacific. Niu means “Young Coconut” and to the Pacific people is also known as “The tree of Life”.
NiuFM embraces the notion of life through broadcast and “The Beat of the Pacific” denotes the vitality of the Pacific voice within our communities. Our vision is to be the voice connecting, informing & entertaining the diverse range of Pacific communities throughout Aotearoa.
NiuFM has been broadcasting since 2002, and is on frequency 103.8 in Dunedin.
Newstalk ZB
Newstalk ZB is a nationwide New Zealand talkback radio network operated by The Radio Network of New Zealand (TRN). It is available in almost every radio market in the country, and has news reporters based in most of them. In addition to talkback, the network also broadcasts news, interviews, music, and sports (in partnership with its sister network Radio Sport).
Most of the network’s programming is produced in Auckland, but Wellington and Christchurch produce some local programming and most markets produce their own local news and weather updates.
History
Newstalk ZB started in 1987 when Auckland’s 1ZB changed to a talkback format and was originally known as Newstalk 1ZB. During the late eighties and early nineties Radio New Zealand switched many of their local heritage stations to FM but retained the AM frequency in each region running the same programme on both frequencies, however some stations ran separate programmes at certain times(such as talk shows) on the AM frequency. In 1993 and 1994 the local station in each region was rebranded with the Classic Hits name and the AM frequency was used to roll out Newstalk ZB across New Zealand. In Christchurch and Wellington local stations 2ZB and 3ZB changed to a talkback format around 1991 and new local stations Goodtime Oldies B90 FM(Wellington) and Goodtime Oldies B98 FM were created. Around 1994 2ZB and 3ZB were rebranded as Newstalk ZB retaining local announcers at first but in recent years as local announcers have left shows have been replaced with network shows. Wellington and Christchurch still have a local show in the mornings between 9am and 12pm. In February 1993, in Auckland, Newstalk ZB began broadcasting on 89.4 FM as well as the original 1080 AM when local station 89X (formerly 89FM) ceased to operate and Radio New Zealand obtained the FM frequency. The Newstalk ZB nationwide 0800 number (0800 80 10 80) actually comes from the original 1080AM frequency that is still in use today.
In 1996 Radio New Zealand sold their commercial operation and Newstalk ZB, along with Classic Hits and ZM, became part of The Radio Network.
Radio Dunedin
Main article: Radio Dunedin
Radio Dunedin is a radio station, broadcasting from Dunedin on 1305 AM and 99.8 FM. It was the first radio station inNew Zealand, and according to Radio Dunedin’s website is the fifth oldest station in the world (five weeks older than theBBC). It has the second ‘largest share of commercial radio listening’ in the area.
Radio Dunedin is part of Canwest RadioWorks, which also operates TV3 (New Zealand), More FM and Radio Live.
The announcers on air between 6am and 6pm Monday to Friday are employed by RadioWorks. The Otago Radio Association leases air time outside these hours.
The Otago Radio Association is made up of volunteer presenters who operate the station weeknights, weekends and public holidays, providing a variety of programming and personality.
Listeners tune into Radio Dunedin “hits & memories” from throughout Otago. The station is aimed at the 40+ age bracket, with a strong community focus, and playing music primarily from the 1960s, 70’s and 80’s era.
History
The station first went to air on 4 October 1922, and celebrated 85 years in 2007. It has had a number of call signs over the years including DN, 4AB, 4ZB and for many decades 4XD. It has broadcast on 1431 AM and 1305 AM.
Between 1922 and 1990, 4XD was operated by the Otago Radio Association as a non-commercial and voluntarily run radio station. In 1990, Radio Dunedin was set up as a commercial radio station, and a few years later was purchased by Radio Otago Limited which also operated 4XO.
In 1997, the station began simulcasting on 90.2 FM Stereo, but this was for only a brief period before 90.2 FM became “Lite FM” and later Solid Gold. Over a decade passed before Radio Dunedin broadcast again in FM Stereo. Test signals began in mid-April 2008, with the official launch of 99.8 FM on Tuesday 6 May 2008.
The station introduced live streaming on the internet in mid-2007 and now also entertains listeners from outside Otago. This includes people in other areas of New Zealand and overseas locations such as England and India.
Radio Dunedin is still alive and well. It broadcasts locally from Radio Otago House in the central city. This is unique in the modern age of networked radio — many NZ stations are broadcast from a centralised studio in Auckland.
Radio Hauraki
Radio Hauraki is a New Zealand radio network, specialising in AOR and classic rock. It was the first private commercial radio station of the modern broadcasting era in NZ and operated illegally to break the monopoly held by the government. Private commercial radio stations had operated from the earliest days of broadcasting, but the government began to close them down, the process accelerating after World War II. To break the state monopoly, Radio Hauraki was originally formed as apirate station in the Hauraki Gulf in a famous and historic story that saw the loss of one life.
History
In late 1966, the Tiri, the boat chosen to carry the transmitter, anchored in the Hauraki Gulf outside the 3-mile territorial waters limit, despite government efforts to stop it from sailing. The station broadcast on the frequency of 1480 kHz, which was well outside the range of frequencies used by the New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation. After testing the transmitter, and having to replace the mast after winds of more than 30 knots knocked it down, Radio Hauraki officially started broadcasting on December 4, 1966. During the next 2 years, the crew on the Tiri would endure adverse weather conditions, fatigue, and continued efforts to shut down the station.
On January 28, 1968 disaster struck as the Tiri attempted to negotiate its way into Whangaparapara Harbour on Great Barrier Island in foul weather. The ship ran aground on rocks, with Radio Hauraki disc jockey Derek King keeping listeners up-to-date with running commentary. The final broadcast from the Tiri was “Hauraki News: Hauraki crew is abandoning ship. This is Paul Lineham aboard the ‘Tiri’. Good Night.” followed by a station jingle, and then the sound of the ship’s hull striking the rocks. The “Tiri” was later towed back to Auckland and the broadcasting equipment was salvaged. However, the Tiri herself was beyond repair and was replaced four days later by the Kapuni, christened Tiri II by her new crew. A month after the loss of the Tiri, Radio Hauraki was back in international waters and broadcasting again.
In April of the same year Tiri II found herself beached again at Whangaparapara Harbour, a victim of the same storm that would result in the tragic Wahine disaster. After repairs she was back at sea in five days. Between this time and June 1968, Tiri II would end up beached at Uretiti Beach and caught several times broadcasting from New Zealand waters by radio inspectors. Just before Christmas 1968, Radio Hauraki became New Zealand’s first 24 hour broadcasting radio station.
Radio Hauraki was not live radio. The studios were land based and most programs were recorded on reel-to-reel tapes in 1/2 hour segments exactly one week prior to their broadcast. This meant that while contests, current top tunes, etc could be accommodated, news and weather were more of a challenge.
In mid-1970, the state monopoly on radio frequencies was broken, with the New Zealand Broadcasting Authority finally allowing Radio Hauraki to broadcast on land, legally. The Radio Hauraki crew had spent 1,111 days at sea. The final broadcast from the seabound Hauraki Pirates was a documentary on the station’s history until that point, finishing at 10:00 pm when Tiri II turned and headed for Auckland. During their final voyage back to shore, announcer Rick Grant was lost overboard.
Radio Hauraki began FM transmission in 1990 on 99.0FM, and the 1480 kHz frequency was subsequently acquired by a local community group to broadcast the BBC World Service.
During the late nineties Radio Hauraki was networked into other regions around the North Island of New Zealand and in 2003 Radio Hauraki was networked into the South Island in Christchurch, Dunedin and Invercargill.
Radio Live
Radio Live is a nationwide New Zealand talkback and news radio network owned by MediaWorks NZ. The station broadcasts from various studios around New Zealand, but most shows are based from the main studio in Auckland, and has frequencies in most regions of New Zealand.
History
Radio Live was launched by CanWest MediaWorks NZ on April 11, 2005 throughout the country, making it the first time in New Zealand a radio station began broadcasting nationwide on the same day. Some frequencies of the station had previously belonged to Radio Pacific (also owned by RadioWorks), with other frequencies being found for Radio Pacific in those markets.
The original Radio Live lineup was Martin Devlin, Michael Laws, Kerry Smith, Paul HenryandMarcus Lush.
The line up changed in 2006 when afternoon host Kerry Smith left to host a morning show on another CanWest MediaWorks NZradio station The Breeze. Two former politicians John Tamihere and Willie Jackson took over this show.
Drive host Paul Henry also left in 2006 after Television New Zealand ruled a conflict of interest between him hosting its ‘Breakfast’ show and his role with Radio Live. James Coleman took over the show in 2006, but in 2007 Paul Henry returned to Radio Live after an agreement was reached between Radio Live and Television New Zealand. He has yet to return in 2008, with Bill Ralston instead hosting the Drive show.
Marcus Lush replaced Martin Devlin in the key breakfast slot and made early rating gains. Also, a news hour from 12 noon to 1pm has been introduced with hosts Jemma Dempsey, and James Coleman as backup. Overnight hosts include former rock musician Andrew Fagan and former Radio with Pictures presenter Karyn Hay.
Radio New Zealand National
Radio New Zealand National (formerly National Radio) is a publicly-funded non-commercial New Zealand radio network operated by Radio New Zealand. It specialises in programmes dedicated to news, the arts, music, and New Zealand culture generally, including some material in the M?ori language.
Radio New Zealand National’s flagship programme is Morning Report, which runs for three hours (6.00–9.00) every weekday morning during 11 months of the year; in January, its place is taken by Summer Report. The programme’s usual presenters are Geoff Robinson and Sean Plunket. Other regular programmes include Nine to Noon, with host Kathryn Ryan, and Afternoons, a magazine-style programme presented by Jim Mora.
Radio One
Main article: Radio One (New Zealand)
Radio One (also known simply as “The One”) is a student radio station operating from the University of Otago in Dunedin, New Zealand. It broadcasts on a frequency of 91.0 MHz. it is a member of the b.net group of stations, all of which are run from New Zealand University campuses.
The impetus for the station began with an open letter to the President of the Otago University Students’ Association (then Phyllis Comerford) from Alastair Thomson, who had worked on the Waikato University student radio station. This letter brought together other interested parties including members of the bands Netherworld Dancing Toys and The Verlaines. With a grant from the OUSA of approximately $12,000, the station first went to air in early 1984 broadcasting from the OUSA’s former boardroom. The station ran on a part-time basis during the university year until the mid-1990s, from which time it has been operating round-the-clock throughout the year in a new annex to the Student Union building which was specifically designed to house the station, the OUSA’s offices, and the university’s student newspaper Critic. The station celebrated its 25th birthday at the beginning of 2009.
In the station’s early years, its 100 Watt transmitter was located on the top of the campus’s tallest building (the 11-storey Richardson Building, then known as the Hocken Building), but since the late 1980s it has had a transmitter on the top of Mount Cargill, 12 kilometres north of the campus. This gives the station a range which covers much of coastal Otago, fromOamaruto past Balclutha.
Radio One can now be heard anywhere in the world as it streams all content in 128 kbit/s stereo mp3 over the internet.
The station is run largely by volunteer announcers, with a small paid staff. It runs a wide variety of general interest and specialist shows, many of them catering for audiences not covered by Dunedin’s other radio stations, such as The Local which plays only New Zealand content and Overgrown which is New Zealand’s only Cannabis Law Reform themed radio show.
Radio Rhema
New Zealand’s Rhema is a New Zealand Christian radio station broadcasting a variety of discussion and music aimed at an active Evangelical audience.
See also
The meaning of the word Rhema
Radio Sport
The current Radio Sport logo
Radio Sport is a New Zealand sports radio station which broadcasts a variety of sports. It has live commentary rights to most cricket matches, rugby union games, some National Rugby League (NRL) games and New Zealandtennis tournaments. Its current On-Air slogan is ‘The Ultimate Fan’.
Programming
Sports talkback has been the main focus of the station, along with sports commentaries since it began in 1998. There are no opt outs, apart from ads, with the entire country taking the same programming. Among the sports that Radio Sport covers with regular commentaries are cricket, domestic and international Rugby Union, domestic basketball, domestic and international netball, and Rugby league.
Radio Sport also provides a sports-based news service, produced in house, and updated at regular intervals.
Solid Gold FM
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Solid Gold FM is a New Zealand radio network owned by MediaWorks NZ and dedicated to the music of the 1960s and 1970s. It began broadcasting in late 1997. The station appeals to an older market than most popular and rock music stations in New Zealand.
History
On October 13, 1997 Solid Gold FM was launched. The original line up was Blackie for Breakfast, Adam “Boom Boom” Butler (10 am – 2 pm), Big Tony Amos (2 pm – 7 pm) and Brian Staff (7 pm – midnight).
Solid Gold started in the Auckland market and over the following years spread across the country to currently 25 markets.
The station has run several promotions sending listeners overseas, for example,
To see Bruce Springsteen,
To go toGraceland,
Send you and 10 friends to Fiji,
Send you and 10 friends to the Gold Coast.
Solid Gold’s current slogan is “the Home of the 60s and 70s” and the current announcer line up is:
Kevin Black and Alan Whetton in Breakfast (6-10am);
Macca (10am-2pm)
Murray Inglis or “Muzza” (2pm-7pm)
Adam Butler (7pm-midnight)
Solid Gold’s Programme Director is Brad King.
Southern Star/AM network
Southern Star is a New Zealand Christian radio network that plays classic contemporary Christian musicandhymns. It also broadcasts features from Chuck Swindoll, Derek Prince and Max McLean about the Bible andGod.
The station is operated by the Rhema Broadcasting Group on a range of frequencies across New Zealand as well as on Radio New Zealand’s AM Network when Parliament is not being broadcast.
The Breeze
The Breeze is a group of New Zealand easy-listening radio stations owned by RadioWorks, a MediaWorks NZ company. The Breeze plays easy-listening music from the 1970s to the present day, aimed at a 35-54 year old female audience. There are 16 stations currently broadcasting throughout New Zealand, with each station presenting a mixture of local and network shows. A Breeze station is planned for Taupo, Northland, Gisborne, Wanganui, Masterton and South Canterbury in the near future.
History
The Breeze originally started around 1993 in Auckland and Waikato but not as the Easy Listening stations we know today. The Breeze in Auckland broadcast on 91.0FM and was the successor to Magic 91FM. The Breeze in Waikato broadcast on 89.8FM replacing Kiwi 898FM (not to be confused with the Kiwi FM Network in operation today). Both The Breeze in Auckland and Waikato played a Contemporary mix of music and was nothing like The Breeze stations in operation today despite having the same logo. The slogan used for The Breeze in Auckland and Waikato was Not too heavy, Not too soft. Both The Breeze in Auckland and Waikato ceased to operate in 1997 whenThe Radio Network acquired their frequencies and started ZM in these regions. For Auckland this was a return of ZM as the station had been absent from the Auckland market since 1987.
The Breeze in Wellington is the successor to Radio Windy. Radio Windy, or Windy FM as it was by this stage, changed to a Classic Rock format in 1991. Then in 1993 it was rebranded as The Breeze, at the same time the Auckland and Waikato stations were launched, however Wellington kept its Easy Listening format. The Breeze continued to operate in Wellington after the Auckland and Waikato stations shut down. The Breeze made a return to Waikato in 2003 when local station Y 99.3 was rebranded as The Breeze retaining Y 99.3 local announcer but changing music format from Adult Contemporary to the Easy Listening format used on The Breeze in Wellington. In 2004 The Breeze was rolled out to other regions around New Zealand by rebranding existing stations as The Breeze and in some cases even changing the format of the local station to Easy Listening. In April 2007 many of The Breeze stations had local shows or shows that were fed from a nearby region replaced with a network show based from the Auckland studio, creating a network allowed The Breeze to then launch in other markets such as Hawkes Bay, Bay of Plenty and Southland.
The Edge
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The Edge FM is a New Zealand youth radio network, playing predominantly pop and R&B. It is owned by MediaWorks NZ.
History
The Edge began as a local Hamilton radio station in 1994 broadcasting on 97.8FM, previously this frequency had been used to broadcast a local Hit Music station called Buzzard 98FM. The Edge was started by radio company Energy Enterprises, which later rebranded itself as RadioWorks. Around 1998 The Edge began networking around the North Island to smaller regions where RadioWorks operated other stations, regions included Taranaki, Rotorua, Bay of Plenty and Hawkes Bay. In 1999 RadioWorks purchased Radio Otago and this allowed RadioWorks to network The Edge and their other brands into Christchurch, Dunedin, Invercargill and later Queenstown and Nelson. The Edge was also networked into Wellington and Palmerston North in 2000.
In 2000 and 2001 The Edge continued to expand into other regions – Taupo, Gisborne, Whangarei, The Bay of Islands and Kapiti. Networking into New Zealand’s largest radio market (Auckland), however, proved more difficult. In 2001 The Edge actually moved their studios to Auckland but were unable to go on air in this region due to a lack of FM frequencies available. In 2002 The Edge began broadcasting on Sky Digital channel 100, this allowed The Edge to broadcast into regions, such as Auckland, that could not receive The Edge through an FM radio, however doing so required a Sky Digital satellite decoder. The Edge continued to broadcast on Sky Digital until 2003 when Channel Z took over this channel. Oamaru and Timaru also began broadcasting The Edge in 2002.
The original The Edge logo used between 1994 and 2000.
In 2003 Auckland’s Channel Z was moved from 94.2 to a new frequency 93.8FM, this frequency was made available by broadcasting from a transmitter outside of Auckland and this allowed The Edge to broadcast on 94.2FM. The launch in Auckland was bigger than any other region with their ‘New on 94.2′ advertisement playing across the whole country and the first broadcast being done from the Sky Tower. The Edge also repeated many of their popular competitions following the launch in Auckland including the popular Two Strangers and a Wedding. A radio station that once made fun of Aucklanders is now another Auckland based network station.
In 2004 The Edge started broadcasting to Central Otago and in Southland coverage was extended to cover Gore which resulted in a loss of sound quality for listeners in the rest of Southland. Sound quality also reduced in Dunedin during this period for unexplained reasons.
In April 2008 The Edge ceased broadcasting in Central Otago with The Rock taking over this frequency.
In March 2009 The Edge began broadcasting in Wanganui and in Blenheim.
The Rock
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The Rock is a New Zealand rock music radio station. The station has in the past had some issues with theBroadcasting Standards Authority with a number of complaints upheld against broadcasts on The Rock. The Rock’s major competitors are Radio Hauraki, ZM and Classic Hits. Every year they have The Rock 1000 counting down the biggest 1000 rock songs.
History
The station began in 1992 in Hamilton as The Rock 93FM. A local version of The Rock also started in 1993 in Taranaki originally on 100FM but later moved to 95.6FM. A relay station of the Hamilton Rock was also created in the Bay of Plenty on 94.2FM. In 1996 The Rock created a regional network by replacing the Taranaki and Bay of Plenty stations with the Hamilton based The Rock station and also networked into Rotorua. In 1998 The Rock began networking to other regions in the North Island. In 1999 The Rock relocated their studios to Auckland and began broadcasting there, later that year RadioWorks bought Radio Otago and as a result the station was networked into the South Island. In Christchurch, Radio Otago had already been operating their own rock station called C93FM and this station was networked to Dunedin and Invercargill, C93FM actually played a Classic rock format similar to Radio Hauraki. RadioWorks replaced C93FM in Dunedin and Invercargill with The Rock and kept C93FM operating in Christchurch but changed its format to Adult Contemporary and launched The Rock on a separate frequency. C93 no longer operates as the station failed to attract new listeners after the format change. Today The Rock broadcasts over most of New Zealand. Their slogan is “Music, It’s about the only thing we take seriously”.
The only remaining original members of The Rock crew are Rog, Tracey Donaldson and Paul Martin aka The Axeman. Tracey started at The Rock in 1992 and left for her OE (Overseas Experience) in 1996 but returned to The Rock in 2003. The Axeman is the longest serving member of The Rock, having been with it since its inception in 1992, hosting his show “The Axe Attack” every Sunday night. Other DJs to have left include Greenman, who went on his OE to the UK, Beachy (Christopher Beach) who moved into sales, and Julie.
Tahu FM
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Tahu FM started off in Christchurch Waitangi Day 1991. The station was originally called Te reo Iriraki ki Otautahi 90.5 as a part time station,later became just 90.5 Tahu Fm. The name Tahu originated from a vote, it was either Tahu Fm or Waka Fm, Majority voted Tahu Fm obviously. Tahu Fm then started a second station called Tautahi 1413am in conjunction with Radio Ferrymead, This frequency was started when Ngai Tahu signed a contract with Ngati Whatua in 1996 to become 90.5 Tahu Fm “Today’s Hottest Music”, a sister station to Mai Fm 88.6 “AUCKLAND’S HOTTEST MUSIC”. 90.5 Tahu Fm ran the same format to Mai Fm’s, playing a heavy urban sound, catering for a young maori/pacific audience, while keeping to a local flavour with local on air talent. After several months 90.5 Tahu Fm was re-branded to Mai Fm 90.5 “Christchurch’s Hottest Music”. The on air line up changed slightly for Mai Fm 90.5 with the breakfast show being simulated from Auckland’s Mai Fm with Robert Rakete and Stacey Daniels, with the rest of the on air line up being local.
After 5 years operating as Mai Fm 90.5, dealings between Ngai Tahu and Ngati Whatua ceased and the contract between the two iwi finished, ceasing the Mai Fm brand in Christchurch, but in turn marking a return of Tahu Fm 90.5 which had been absent since the re-brand 5 years earlier.
Since then Tahu Fm 90.5, has now networked into more markets KAIKOURA 91.1, DUNEDIN 95.0, and INVERCARGILL 99.6 making it a viable network in the South Island, you can also hear them on Sky Digital Channel 105.
95-8 ZM
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ZM, or ZMFM is a radio network. ZM is part of The Radio Network of New Zealand. The network’s slogan, “Today’s Hit Music”, reflects the network’s chart-music playlist of pop, rock, hip hop and dance music. The network has stations in 18 markets in New Zealand and is also available online. It reaches around 378,000 listeners weekly and targets the 15–39 demographic.
ZM History
Origin of the ZM name
The ZM name derives from the original 1ZM radio station founded by W.W. ((Bill) Rodgers in the late 1920s in Manurewa, then a farming village south of Auckland, The letter Z meant a privately owned (later commercial) station, and the M stood for Manurewa.
The station was later acquired by the NZ Government and moved 26 km north to Auckland City, where it shared space in the 1941 Art Deco Broadcasting House studios of 1ZB. In April 1944 1ZM was handed overto the US AFRS military broadcasting service to provide entertainment for US troops on R & R leave in Auckland, as part of the AES Mosquito Network. The American programming, drawn from all three US radio networks (ABC, NBC and CBS) and played without commercial advertisements, proved popular not only with US troops but also with Aucklanders who appreciated the lively style of presentation and the latest American hits. After the war 1ZM was returned to the government broadcasting department, New Zealand Broadcasting Service (NZBS) and its successor, but still state-owned, New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation (NZBC).
As part of a reshuffle of frequencies and call-signs 1ZM was re-named, first 1ZD and then 1YD, in line with the Wellington metro station 2YD which had opened in 1937. 1ZM /1YD was turned into a low-power non-commercial metro music station, broadcasting retro hits and oldies from 5 pm to 10 pm weeknights, and from 10 am to 10 pm weekends. Later, to help meet demand for advertising in the single State owned commercial station 1ZB, 1YD was authorised to carry low-level commercials read live at the microphone, and by the 1960s transmitter time in Auckland was leased in the mornings to a private commercial operator Radio i, which later secured its own AM channel.
The start of ‘pirate’ broadcasting in 1966 from Radio Hauraki, based on a barge in the Hauraki Gulf, and the consequent opening up of NZ radio to private investors led to a sharp rise in competition, and the NZBC looked to sharpen up the rather fusty image of its metro stations by re-branding the three YD stations in Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch) back to ZM and promoting them under the brand ZM Maxi Music.
List of Stations
This is a list of radio stations in the Dunedin, New Zealand.
Major Radio stations in Dunedin
Frequency
Name
Format
Broadcasting on frequency since
Previous stations on frequency
89.4
Classic Hits 89.4
Adult Contemporary
1993
1990 – 1993 4ZB/ZBFM
(same station but rebranded)
90.2
Solid Gold
Oldies
1999
1997 Radio Dunedin
1997 – 1999 Lite FM
91.0
Radio One
Student Radio
1984
91.8
The Edge FM
Pop Music
1999
92.6
Radio New Zealand Concert
Classical Music
1990
93.4
The Rock
Active Rock
1999
1992 – 1997 93Rox
1997 – 1999 C93FM
94.2
Life FM
Contemporary Christian Music
2007
95.0
Tahu FM
Urban Contemporary
2000
95.8
95-8ZM
Hit Music
1996
96.6
Radio Live
Talk radio
2005
1992 – 2005 Radio Pacific
97.4
97.4 More FM
Adult Contemporary
2004
1990 – 2004 4XO
98.2
The Breeze
Easy Listening
2004
1997 – 2004 98 More FM
99.0
Concert FM
Classical Music
99.8
Radio Dunedin
Oldies
2008
101.4
Radio New Zealand National
103.8
Niu FM
Urban Contemporary
2002
106.2
Radio Hauraki
Classic Rock
2009
107.7
George FM
AM Stations
621
Radio Rhema
Christian Radio
1980s
693
Radio Sport
Sports Talk
1998
1990s Sports roundup
756
Radio Caroline
Community orientated
1990s
810
Radio New Zealand National
Historically, 4YA.
900
Southern Star/AM Network
Christian Radio/Parliament
Historically, 4YC (Concert programme) and Sports roundup.
954
Coast
Middle of the Road
2004
]
1044
Newstalk ZB
Talk radio
1994
Until 1994 4ZB
1125
Radio Hauraki
Classic rock
2003
1995-2003 Classic Hits 89.4
1206
BSport and Radio Trackside
Sports talk
2007
1971 – 2004 4XO
2004 – 2005 More FM
Radio Pacific 2005 – 2007
1305
Radio Dunedin
Oldies
1922
1575
Hills AM
Community Radio
References
^ The Radio Vault – Napier/Hastings
^ The Radio Vault-Hawera
^ More than 100,000 Freeview boxes sold! | Freeview | News | Throng
^ http://www.mediaworks.co.nz/
^ NZS Listing
^ NiuFM About page
^ Radio Dunedin Website
^ View survey results here
^Dignan, J. (19 February 2009). “Pilots of the airwaves still”. Otago Daily Times. http://www.odt.co.nz/entertainment/music/44059/pilots-airwaves-still. Retrieved 2009-03-17.
^“National Stations > The Breeze”. MediaWorks NZ. http://www.mediaworks.co.nz/Default.aspx?tabid=75. Retrieved 2008-04-29.
External links
Official website
The Breeze Official Website
RadioWorks Information Site About The Breeze
Official website
Solid Gold Official Website
RadioWorks Information Site About Solid Gold
Classic Hits FM Official Website
Radio Network’s Information Site About Classic Hits FM
Coast Official Website
Radio Network’s Information Site About Coast
Official website
MORE FM’s official website
RadioWorks Information Site About MORE FM
NewsTalk ZB Official website
Radio Network’s Information Site About NewsTalk ZB
Radio Sport Official website
Page at Radio Network
Description at Radio Bureau
Official page
Radio Hauraki Official Site
[http://www.radionetwork.co.nz/Stations/Hauraki/ Radio Network's Information Site About Hauraki
New Zealand’s Rhema – Official website.
Rhema Broadcasting Group – Information about the parent company of Radio Rhema.
The Rock Official Website
RadioWorks Information Site About The Rock
The Axe Attack Official Website
v•d•e
New Zealand radio networks
Radio New Zealand
Radio New Zealand National ·Radio New Zealand International ·Radio New Zealand Concert ·AM Network
The Radio Network
Classic Hits FM ·Coast ·Easy Mix ·Flava ·Radio Hauraki ·Newstalk ZB ·Radio Sport ·ZM
MediaWorks New Zealand
LiveSport ·George FM ·Kiwi FM ·Mai FM ·More FM ·Radio Live ·Solid Gold ·The Breeze ·The Edge ·The Rock
Rhema Broadcasting Group
Life FM ·New Zealand’s Rhema ·Southern Star
b.net
bFM ·The Most FM ·Radio Active ·RDU-FM ·Radio One
Other networks
Port FM ·1XX ·Tahu FM ·Niu FM
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_stations_in_Dunedin”
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Bosisio Parini is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Lecco in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 40 km north of Milan and about 11 km southwest of Lecco. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 3,197 and an area of 6.6 km².
Bosisio Parini borders the following municipalities: Annone di Brianza, Cesana Brianza, Eupilio, Molteno, Rogeno.
The town was the birthplace of the poet Giuseppe Parini.
Demographic evolution
References
^ All demographics and other statistics: Italian statistical institute Istat.
This article incorporates public domain material 
